Commodianus, who wrote between
AD 251 and 258, is the first orthodox writer to clearly and unambiguously state that there will be mortal beings in a future millennium that will join in marriage and enjoy sexual relations, producing offspring. But importantly, he limits this reality to the righteous alone (those “who overcame cruel martyrdom under Antichrist”).
From heaven will descend the city in the first resurrection; this is what we may tell of such a celestial fabric. We shall arise again to Him, who have been devoted to Him. And they shall be incorruptible, even already living without death. And neither will there be any grief nor any groaning in that city. They shall come also who overcame cruel martyrdom under Antichrist, and they themselves live for the whole time, and receive blessings because they have suffered evil things; and they themselves marrying, beget for a thousand years. There are prepared all the revenues of the earth, because the earth renewed without end pours forth abundantly. Therein are no rains; no cold comes into the golden camp. No sieges as now, nor rapines, nor does that city crave the light of a lamp. It shines from its Founder. Moreover, Him it obeys; in breadth 12,000 furlongs and length and depth. It levels its foundation in the earth, but it raises its head to heaven. In the city before the doors, moreover, sun and moon shall shine; he who is evil is hedged up in torment, for the sake of the nourishment of the righteous. But from the thousand years God will destroy all those evils (The Instructor, Chapter 46).
Victorinus was the first of the orthodox writers to teach that the wicked populate a future millennial kingdom. He is also the first to detail Satan’s release after a literal thousand years in the future, whereupon he will use his baleful influence successfully on the wicked who supposedly during Satan’s little season. Victorinus wrote mainly around
AD 270. Victorinus concisely submits:
And the scarlet devil is imprisoned and all his fugitive angels in the Tartarus of Gehenna at the coming of the Lord; no one is ignorant of this. And after the thousand years he is released, because of the nations which will have served Antichrist (Revelation commentary: 20.1).
This is the sum total of information we have on this supposed future uprising. Victorinus is markedly vague and succinct on this matter. He doesn’t elaborate any more on his position. This is the totality of his surviving views. While Victorinus makes a passing comment about Satan being released, “because of the nations which will have served Antichrist,” he didn’t expand and delineate their activity, numbers, location and influence.
His comments are ambiguous to say the least. This is issue that the early Chiliast clearly felt uncomfortable with. Surely, he is not saying that “the nations which will have served Antichrist” inherit and then overrun a future millennial earth. Is he referring to a retrospective cause for Satan’s release? It is so hard to say. We have so little to go on.
Lactantius would later add more meat on the bones. He was from Africa and is the first to go into any sizeable and real recognizable detail on the subject. His main work – the Epitome of the Divine Institutes – was believed to have been first published between AD 304 and AD 311. It is amazing, allowing for the amount of Chiliast writings we still possess, for there to be such a dearth of detail up until Lactantius in the late 3rd century. In his writings, he first of all describes Satan’s binding and the reason for such:
They who shall be raised from the dead shall preside over the living as judges. But the nations shall not be entirely extinguished, but some shall be left as a victory for God, that they may be the occasion of triumph to the righteous, and may be subjected to perpetual slavery. About the same time also the prince of the devils, who is the contriver of all evils, shall be bound with chains, and shall be imprisoned during the thousand years of the heavenly rule in which righteousness shall reign in the world, so that he may contrive no evil against the people of God (Epitome of the Divine Institutes, Book VII, Chapter XXIV).
He continues:
We have said, a little before, that it will come to pass at the commencement of the sacred reign, that the prince of the devils will be bound by God. But he also, when the thousand years of the kingdom, that is, seven thousand of the world, shall begin to be ended, will be loosed afresh, and being sent forth from prison, will go forth and assemble all the nations, which shall then be trader the dominion of the righteous, that they may make war against the holy city; and there shall be collected together from all the world an innumerable company of the nations, and shall besiege and surround the city. Then the last anger of God shall come upon the nations, and shall utterly destroy them; and first He shall shake the earth most violently, and by its motion the mountains of Syria shall be rent, and the hills shall sink down precipitously, and the walls of all cities shall fall, and God shall cause the sun to stand, so that he set not for three days, and shall set it on fire; and excessive heat and great burning shall descend upon the hostile and impious people, and showers of brim stone, and hailstones, and drops of fire; and their spirits shall melt through the heat, and their bodies shall be bruised by the hail, and they shall smite one another with the sword. The mountains shall be filled with carcasses, and the plains shall be covered with bones; but the people of God during those three days shall be concealed under caves of the earth, until the anger of God against the nations and the last judgment shall be ended (Epitome of the Divine Institutes, Book VII, Chapter XXVI).
Here, the evil one, is depicted as gathering the nations together at the end of a forthcoming millennium to launch and assault upon the people of God. He adds
When the thousand years shall be fulfilled, and the prince of the demons loosed, the nations will rebel against the righteous, and an innumerable multitude will come to storm the city of the saints. Then the last judgment of God will come to pass against the nations (Epitome of the Divine Institutes, Book VII, Chapter LXXII).
One of the most contradictory early Church writers is Lactantius from Africa.
His main work – the Epitome of the Divine Institutes – was believed to have been first published between AD 304 and AD 311 (earlychristianwritings.com). His confusion may be explained by the fact that he relied heavily upon the writings of the pagan Sibyl prophetesses in his works. In one breath he seems to genuinely want to have a perfect earth that has been purged from the wicked and all wickedness but in the next breath, a few chapters later, Lactantius seems to be teaching the opposite. Whether this was necessitated to accommodate the teaching of Sibyl writings or whether they aligned with what he thought is not clear. His prominent mentioning of them in his writings reveals a deep dependence upon their teaching. This is seen in these comments:
Then they who shall be alive in their bodies shall not die, but during those thousand years shall produce an infinite multitude, and their offspring shall be holy, and beloved by God; but they who shall be raised from the dead shall preside over the living as judges. But the nations shall not be entirely extinguished, but some shall be left as a victory for God, that they may be the occasion of triumph to the righteous, and may be subjected to perpetual slavery (Epitome of the Divine Institutes, Book VII, Chapter 24).
This is where the orthodox roots of early Premillennialism manifest. Allowance is finally made for the wicked and Satan to populate the earth that follows the second coming. Up until now that was rejected.