Yes, I agree that Paul quotes Jeremiah 31 and Paul teaches us that the New Covenant is in effect now. But there is more to Jeremiah 31 than the New Covenant. Apparently you didn't know that.
You specifically referenced Jeremiah 31:34, which is part of what was quoted in Hebrews 8:8-13 in relation to the new covenant, which you acknowledge is already in effect. So, what do you want from me here? You were acting as if Jeremiah 31:34 supported your doctrine, but it doesn't. That was my point.
Let's investigate this idea before we talk about the text of Romans 9. For our investigation, let's go back and review Galatians 3:15-18. In that context Paul argues that salvation is based on a promise Yahweh made to Abraham, which is a promise that he made to Abraham 430 years prior to the Mt. Sinai covenant. What this means is that everyone whom God is saving owes their salvation to a promise God made to Abraham. Where does Paul get this idea? Paul is exegeting Genesis 12:3 where God tells Abraham "in you all the families of the earth will be blessed." Not only is God going to bless Abraham's direct descendants, he is going to bless any one who is "in Abraham." And how does one enter into Abraham? Paul explains, in Romans 4, that God is justifying all those who share the same faith as Abraham. (Meditate on Romans 4)
So then salvation is predicated on a promise God made to Abraham 430 years before the Mt. Sinai covenant, and according to Paul, Jesus Christ was the focal point of that promise. Jesus Christ is the means whereby God is going to save all those who share the faith of Abraham. Galatians 3:16. (I realize that I am telling you things you already know. But I am building up to something here.)
In his epistle to the Galatians, we come to understand that God considers other people, those outside of Abraham's direct lineage, to be Abraham's descendants by virtue of the fact that they share the faith of Abraham. Even in the epistle to the Romans Paul makes that same point in Romans 4, where he argues that God accredited "righteousness" to Abraham BEFORE he was circumcised. In conclusion he says that Abraham is the father of our faith; he is "the father of all who believe without being circumcised, that righteousness might be credited to them, and the father of circumcision to those who not only are of the circumcision, but who also follow in the steps of the faith of our father Abraham which he had while uncircumcised."
I highlighted that last part because, in my view, Romans chapters 9 through 11 is narrowly focused on the circumcised.
No, it is not. Do you somehow miss how Paul refers to Gentiles within Romans 9-11 as well? You said all that only to come to a clearly false conclusion like this?
Yes, I agree with all of that. But in Romans 9-11 Paul is no longer talking about Jews and Gentiles as individuals. He is talking nations rather than individuals.
What?!!! You must be reading a different Bible than I am. You think the following is about nations?
Romans 10:9 If you declare with your mouth, “Jesus is Lord,” and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. 10 For it is with your heart that you believe and are justified, and it is with your mouth that you profess your faith and are saved. 11 As Scripture says, “Anyone who believes in him will never be put to shame.” 12 For there is no difference between Jew and Gentile—the same Lord is Lord of all and richly blesses all who call on him, 13 for, “Everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.”
And you think the following passage is talking about nations as well?
Romans 11:17 If some of the branches have been broken off, and you, though a wild olive shoot, have been grafted in among the others and now share in the nourishing sap from the olive root, 18 do not consider yourself to be superior to those other branches. If you do, consider this: You do not support the root, but the root supports you. 19 You will say then, “Branches were broken off so that I could be grafted in.” 20 Granted. But they were broken off because of unbelief, and you stand by faith. Do not be arrogant, but tremble. 21 For if God did not spare the natural branches, he will not spare you either. 22 Consider therefore the kindness and sternness of God: sternness to those who fell, but kindness to you, provided that you continue in his kindness. Otherwise, you also will be cut off. 23 And if they do not persist in unbelief, they will be grafted in, for God is able to graft them in again. 24 After all, if you were cut out of an olive tree that is wild by nature, and contrary to nature were grafted into a cultivated olive tree, how much more readily will these, the natural branches, be grafted into their own olive tree!
Both passage are about salvation. Since when is salvation a national thing instead of an individual thing?
This post is getting long and I'm afraid it won't post so forgive me for not addressing the rest of your objections here.
That's not a problem. I don't think I could take reading any more of it, anyway.