1 Peter 3:18–22, Peter refers to spirits in prison because they disobeyed in Noah’s day (1 Pet. 3:19–20). Though disputed, the word “spirits” most likely refers to evil spirits (cf. Matt. 8:16; 12:45;
Luke 4:36; 10:20; Acts 19:12–16). The connection of these spirits with Noah’s day points strongly to
Genesis 6. That these “spirits in prison” are fallen angels is further confirmed by similar passages in 2 Peter and Jude.
In
2 Peter 2:4–10, for example, the apostle cites three Old Testament examples of God’s judgment as a warning to false teachers. First are the fallen angels who are chained and awaiting final judgment (2 Pet. 2:4). The second and third examples are the flood in Noah’s day (2 Pet. 2:5; cf. Gen. 6–8) and the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (2 Pet. 2:6; Gen. 19). Given that the second and third examples not only come from Genesis but are also listed in chronological order, it makes sense to see the first example as also coming from Genesis. (
Genesis 6:1–4 comes right before the flood narrative, after all.) Since angels are spiritual beings, Peter’s reference to their being “chained” refers not to physical chains, but rather to a limitation of their activity—presumably to prevent them from indulging in such wickedness again.
Jude, like Peter, provides three Old Testament examples of God’s judgment (Jude 5–7). Unlike Peter, he doesn’t mention the flood and doesn’t place them in chronological order. Still, Jude 6 parallels
2 Peter 2:4 and appears to be an allusion to
Genesis 6:1–4. These angels demonstrated sinful pride by abandoning their position of authority and leaving their proper dwelling. They’re now being “kept in eternal chains” until the Day of Judgment. The comparison with the men of Sodom and Gomorrah in Jude 7 (“
just as Sodom and Gomorrah . . .
likewise indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire”) implies that this was also the angels’ sin in Jude 6.