Sheol/hades is what we call Hell....Tartarus is the deepest place in Hell and Gehenna is equivalent to the Lake of FIre and Brimstone...Gehenna was the garbage pit in Jerusalem that burned day and Night.
Why is the story of the Rich Man and Lazarus literal.....and not a parable....All of the Parable did not present Proper names, they were simply applying a teaching moment to all men. In the Rich Man and Lazarus, we find out about Abram's Bosom and Hell itself. we can discuss if you want.
Can we examine this parable in context…..?
First of all, why mention Tartarus here? This word is used only once in all of Scripture, but it is a prison-like, abased condition into which God cast disobedient angels in Noah’s day. There are no human souls in “tartarus”.
A 2 Peter 2:4, the apostle writes:
“God did not hold back from punishing the angels that sinned, but, by throwing them into Tartarus, delivered them to pits of dense darkness to be reserved for judgment.”
It is the place that the disobedient angels of Noah’s day were confined to, so that they were restrained from materializing human bodies for themselves to indulge in the pleasures of the flesh…..something for which God did not design them.
Now, you are correct that “Gehenna” is equivalent to “the lake of fire”…..or “the second death”…but why is it called “the second death”? Because all those who experience the first death are granted a resurrection, but for those who undergo the second death…it is a permanent condition…..forever dead….never to live again.
Why can’t this parable be literal? Because when you read it from the Jewish perspective of Jesus’ audience, you understand why it cannot be literal.
In the previous chapters we see parable after parable….and as a lead in to this parable Jesus said….
”No servant can be a slave to two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will stick to the one and despise the other. You cannot be slaves to God and to Riches.”
14 Now the Pharisees, who were money lovers, were listening to all these things, and they began to sneer at him. 15 So he said to them: “You are those who declare yourselves righteous before men, but God knows your hearts. For what is considered exalted by men is a disgusting thing in God’s sight.”
He thereafter begins this parable….
“There was a rich man who used to dress in purple and linen, enjoying himself day after day with magnificence. 20 But a beggar named Lazʹa·rus used to be put at his gate, covered with ulcers 21 and desiring to be filled with the things dropping from the table of the rich man. Yes, even the dogs would come and lick his ulcers. 22 Now in the course of time, the beggar died and was carried off by the angels to Abraham’s bosom.
“Also, the rich man died and was buried. 23 And in hades he lifted up his eyes, being in torment, and he saw Abraham from afar and Lazʹa·rus by his side. 24 So he called and said, ‘Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazʹa·rus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue, for I am in anguish in this blazing fire.’ 25 But Abraham said, ‘Child, remember that you had your fill of good things in your lifetime, but Lazʹa·rus for his part received bad things. Now, however, he is being comforted here, but you are in anguish. 26 And besides all these things, a great chasm has been fixed between us and you, so that those who want to go over from here to you cannot, neither may people cross over from there to us.’“
The rich man was not said to be wicked…just rich and enjoying the benefits of his lifestyle.
The beggar was not said to be righteous, just very poor and in bad health. And he was placed at the rich man’s gate, desiring to be fed with the things dropping from the rich man’s table.
Was the rich man accustomed to eating his meals at his gate?
Both men “died”, resulting in a change that reversed the position of both of them…..the “bosom of Abraham” was a position of favor with God, which was gained by the beggar, but the rich man was in hades (translated from the Hebrew “Sheol“ or the grave)
Death in the Bible is not always literal, spiritual death is actually worse…the rich man was now in a position of anguish, being dead to God…..and the beggar, who pictured the “lost sheep of the house of Israel “ to whom Jesus was sent, was shown favor by God because of accepting Jesus as Messiah.
The rich man pictured the Pharisees whom Jesus had just mentioned were “money lovers”…
Now the rich man saw the beggar at Abraham’s side and asked that the beggar bring a drop of water to cool his tongue in the blazing fire in which he found himself. God’s anger is also said to be a blazing fire. (2 Kings 22:17)
Ask yourself……
Are “heaven and hell” within speaking distance and viewing distance from each other? If that is so then what kind of place must heaven be if the righteous can see the painful torture of the wicked…?
Why is there an unbreachable chasm between them? Because they have been cut off from God’s favor and committed the murder of God’s son…the very one sent to save them.
Would a drop of water from a man’s finger cool anyone in a blazing fire?
Read literally, the story is not only absurd, but from a Jewish point of view, unscriptural.
It cannot be anything but a parable…..and who said Jesus can’t use a man’s name to identify the beggar? Lazarus was a common name in Jesus’ day.…as was Yeshua.