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Yahweh | YHWH, Adonai, Elohim, Meaning, & Facts
Yahweh, name for the God of the
Israelites, representing the biblical pronunciation of “YHWH,” the
Hebrew name revealed to
Moses in the book of
Exodus. The name YHWH, consisting of the sequence of consonants Yod, Heh, Waw, and Heh, is known as the tetragrammaton.
After the
Babylonian Exile (6th century BCE), and especially from the 3rd century BCE on, Jews ceased to use the name Yahweh for two reasons. As
Judaism became a universal rather than merely a local
religion, the more common Hebrew noun
Elohim (plural in form but understood in the singular), meaning “God,” tended to replace Yahweh to demonstrate the universal
sovereignty of Israel’s God over all others. At the same time, the divine name was increasingly regarded as too sacred to be uttered; it was thus replaced vocally in the
synagogue ritual by the Hebrew word Adonai (“My Lord”), which was translated as Kyrios (“Lord”) in the
Septuagint, the
Greek version of the
Hebrew Scriptures.
The
Masoretes, who from about the 6th to the 10th century CE worked to reproduce the original text of the Hebrew Bible, added to “YHWH” the vowel signs of the Hebrew words Adonai or Elohim.
Latin-speaking
Christian scholars replaced the Y (which does not exist in Latin) with an I or a J (the latter of which exists in Latin as a variant form of I). Thus, the tetragrammaton became the artificial Latinized name
Jehovah (JeHoWaH). As the use of the name spread throughout
medieval Europe, the initial letter J was pronounced according to the local
vernacular language rather than Latin.
Although Christian scholars after the
Renaissance and
Reformation periods used the term Jehovah for YHWH, in the 19th and 20th centuries biblical scholars again began to use the form Yahweh. Early Christian writers, such as
St. Clement of Alexandria in the 2nd century, had used a form like Yahweh, and this pronunciation of the tetragrammaton was never really lost. Many
Greek transcriptions also indicated that YHWH should be pronounced Yahweh.
The meaning of the personal name of the
Israelite God has been variously interpreted. Many scholars believe that the most proper meaning may be “He Brings into Existence Whatever Exists” (Yahweh-Asher-Yahweh). In
I Samuel, God is known by the name Yahweh Teva-ʿot, or “He Brings the Hosts into Existence,” in which “Hosts” possibly refers to the heavenly court or to Israel.
The personal name of God was probably known long before the time of
Moses. Moses’ mother was called Jochebed (Yokheved), a name based on the name Yahweh. Thus, the tribe of Levi, to which Moses belonged, probably knew the name Yahweh, which originally may have been (in its short form Yo, Yah, or Yahu) a religious invocation of no precise meaning evoked by the mysterious and awesome splendour of the
manifestation of the holy.