Looking for Paul

[JLG]

Paul was a Pharisee of Hebrew culture!
He learned the scriptures by heart!
Like any Pharisee, he practiced virtue and observed the duties imposed by tradition and the Law!
The Pharisees were Jewish nationalists!
By becoming a Christian, he was confronted with Orthodox Jews and Judeo-Christians!
By his training and his culture, he was prepared to announce the message of Christ to all nations!

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6- The Pharisee of Hebrew culture

Paul was a Jew, son of a Pharisee, destined for the rabbinate. He speaks more than once in his letters, and with pride, of his Jewish upbringing. I am “Hebrew, son of Hebrews” (Philemon 3, 5), “member of the tribe of Benjamin”.

He will have spent long hours in the school of the synagogue under the direction of the “hazzan” memorizing the Scriptures. He quotes them from memory about two hundred times in his letters.

Paul remained to the end passionately attached to his people, to this nation which defied history and which continues to do so today: "I would myself be anathema and separated from Christ, for my brethren, those of my race, according to the flesh. They who are Israelites, to whom filial adoption belongs; glory, covenants, legislation, worship and promises; and also the patriarchs, and from whom came Christ according to the flesh” (Romans 9:3-5).

The Pharisees, unlike the Sadducees, were very close to the people, opening schools, welcoming the poor and the sick, helping immigrants and newcomers.

After the destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the Jewish state in the year 70, the Pharisees were of vital importance for this people in distress. They are the ones who saved Israel. It is to them that Judaism owes its survival.

Among the Jews, the paternal home was "a family sanctuary", consecrated to the practice of virtue and the observance of the duties imposed by tradition and by law. The Pharisees ate only kosher foods, which ensured their purity and avoided any defilement.

Paul attended the synagogue regularly and strictly observed the sabbatical rest. He paid tithes and fasted according to the commandments of the Law. At the start of the day, he turned in the direction of the Temple of Jerusalem and said his first prayer: "Hear Israel, our God is the true God, the only God." At least three times during the day - in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening - he thanked God for the favors obtained.

In his father's house, Paul breathed an essentially religious atmosphere. In this environment also flourished Jewish nationalism, which linked it to Jerusalem and Palestine.

In the days of Caesar Augustus and Tiberius, the Jews of the Diaspora were protected by emperors who were harsh when molested. They had their own, albeit limited, jurisdiction and were allowed to follow their dietary rules. They were exempted from military service, so as not to be obliged to fight on the Sabbath day. They had the authorization to celebrate their worship on the condition of putting it in the form: the sacrifices in honor of Yahweh had for the Romans the value of homage to the emperor-god. Better still: they were allowed to levy an annual tax for the Temple in Jerusalem and channel this contribution to the holy city.

After his encounter with Christ on the road to Damascus and during his missionary journeys, Paul came into conflict with the Orthodox Jews and with the Judeo-Christians. Without ever denying his people, he remained torn between the love he had for them and his fidelity to Christ, savior of all.

Paul of Tarsus was a man of many facets, of great cultural and religious richness: at the same time Roman, Greek and Jew, Pharisee and Christian, contemplative and man of action, evangelizer and doctor, audacious writer and profound theologian.

This great missionary can only be understood through his rich personality and his attachment to his faith in Jesus Christ. Few people were better prepared than him to announce the Good News “to all Nations”. With Paul, we witness the birth of universal Christianity, “where there is neither Jew nor Greek, neither free man nor slave, neither man nor woman”, but a new people of sons and daughters all loved by God.

 

[JLG]

Paul was a citizen of the city of Tarsus!
Tarsus was a great city in the Empire!
It had become Roman in 64 BC!
Rome experienced a civil war!
Caesar Augustus then transformed the Republic into a dictatorship!
Then he establishes a lasting peace, the “pax romana”!
Tarsus was a city where different religions and languages lived together!
Paul was therefore accustomed to this diversity!

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7- Citizen of the city of Tarsus

Location of Tarsus in Cilicia (present-day Turkey): a major port in the northeast of the Mediterranean Sea

“I am a Jew of Tarsus, in Cilicia, a citizen of a city which is not without renown” (Acts 21, 39).

It is in these terms, imbued with Greek pride, that Paul expresses himself before the Roman tribune on the steps of the fortress adjacent to the Temple of Jerusalem.

His hometown then rivaled Alexandria and Athens for the palm of civilization. While being after Rome, Alexandria, Antioch and Ephesus, one of the great cities of the Empire, it had an international port and its geographical location made it an important meeting place in the Roman world.

Remains of the site of Tarsus
The city of Tarsus lies at the foot of the Taurus, a large mountain range in the south of present-day Turkey, which overlooks the Mediterranean for several hundred kilometers. Fifty years before the birth of Paul, all sorts of wild animals were still found in these mountains: elephants, lions, leopards, hyenas, bears, wild boars, panthers, etc.
In the 1st century, Strabo described Tarsus as follows: “a city situated on a plain, not far from the sea. The river Cydnos flows through the middle of the city, skirting the gymnasium of the young men. As the source of the river is not far from the city, and it crosses steep gorges before arriving there, its water is cold and rapid. As a result, it is of great help to animals and men who suffer from rheumatism.

Cleopatra's Gate at Tarsus.

Important figures lived in Tarsus, including Cleopatra and Marc-Antoine who met there.

In Paul's time, Tarsus was a 14-century-old city. Several peoples had conquered, ravaged, dominated it: the Assyrians, the Macedonians, the Seleucids, the Armenians. Cyrus and Alexander had been there.

The city of Tarsus had been annexed to the Empire of Rome in 64 BC. It then became the capital of the province of Cilicia. Pompey, Caesar and Cicero took advantage of its beauty and climate. It was in Tarsus that Cleopatra seduced Marc-Antoine and became his mistress and ally. Near the port, the ruins of "Cleopatra's Gate" still exist.

To understand the turbulent period preceding the long reign of Caesar-Augustus (31 BC to 14 AD), it is necessary to know a little about the bloody history that preceded the "pax romana", this peace of the empire which allowed Christianity to develop.

After the assassination of Julius Caesar, there was a period of civil war between Brutus, Marc Antony, Octavian and Cleopatra. In 31 BC, in Actium, the fleet of Caesar-Augustu, less numerous than that of his adversaries, annihilates the forces of Marc Antoine and Cleopatra. Having escaped the carnage and returned to Alexandria, Marc Antony threw himself on his sword and Cleopatra let herself be bitten by an asp (viper). Augustus made Caesarion disappear, the son of Cleopatra and Julius Caesar and the three children of Cleopatra and Marc-Antoine. It was then the surest way to neutralize the adversaries. Cleopatra herself had poisoned her own sister and asked Marc Antoine to make his brother disappear, in order to retain absolute power over Egypt.

After the decisive battle of Actium, Caesar Augustus having eliminated all those who could have claimed the throne, granted himself all the important titles of the religion and government of Rome and concentrated in his single person all the powers of the Empire. He replaced the Republic with a dictatorship, and succeeded in establishing a lasting peace, the “pax romana”.

During this time of peace and calm, Tarsus became an active and prosperous city. It offered access to the Mediterranean and the riches of three continents from Alexandria, Ephesus, Corinth, Rome and Spain. It was a center of commerce and a place of transit, especially for the valuable construction timber brought by river from the Taurus Mountains. The river Cydnos was provided on both banks with quays, wharfs and warehouses. The city was one of the major ports in southern Turkey, a necessary passage between Anatolia, Cappadocia, the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean.

This opulent city, mixes

of all the races of the empire,

prepare him for his mission

“apostle to the nations”

In addition to being opulent, the city had occupied an important place in intellectual and political life for centuries. Strabo writes: "The inhabitants of Tarsus are so passionate about philosophy, they have such an encyclopedic spirit, that their city ended up eclipsing Athens, Alexandria, and all the other cities..."

It was at Tarsus that the tutors of the imperial princes of Rome were sought. In Paul's time a venerable teacher lived in the city: Athenodorus who had been the teacher and friend of the Emperor Augustus. The emperor was to remain faithful to him until his death. The old pedagogue did not hesitate to tell the truth to his imperial friend, frankly and on many occasions. Athenodorus spent the last years of his life in Tarsus and thanks to him, the emperor exempted the city from taxation.

In Tarsus, ethnic groups, religions and various languages cohabited smoothly. It was a meeting point of two great civilizations: the Greco-Roman civilization in the West and the Semitic civilization in the East. While being open to novelty, Tarsus was an austere city, attached to traditions, a city where both great decency and severe morality reigned.

In this pagan environment, Paul received an excellent preparation for his mission “as an apostle to the nations”. He will admit no difference between Jews and Gentiles, Greeks and Barbarians, free men and slaves, men and women (Col. 3, 11; 1. Cor. 12, 13). This opulent and commercial city, mixture of all the races of the empire, will mark its missionary pastoral. He will realize the vision of the Lord: “Many will come from the East and the West and will take their place at the feast, with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, in the kingdom of heaven” (Matthew 8, 11).

In Paul's time, Tarsus had about three hundred thousand inhabitants. Lots of people, narrow streets, small houses piled up on top of each other, tight life, lots of noise! To the south, the city opened onto the Mediterranean; to the north, it huddled at the foot of mountains three thousand meters high. It had a very active port. The Roman roads that connected the East to the West passed through there.

After his encounter with Christ on the road to Damascus and his stay in Arabia, Paul will visit Jerusalem and return to Tarsus. During many years of reflection, he will acquire a new look and a new way of seeing things.

 

[JLG]

Paul benefited from a long and serious intellectual training which enabled him to fight against narrow-mindedness and petty bigotry!
Particularly interesting and very instructive!
In the Greek environment - this is the case in Tarsus - education was accompanied by the learning of languages!
This is what the humanists took back!
Humans do not invent anything, they only copy or repeat the ideas of others!
You have to know how to recognize it!
But for some it is difficult!
They must think they're too smart for that!
Only, there is intelligence and intelligence!
Paul's epistles manifest a good knowledge of the categories of Greek rhetoric, especially in the use of antithesis and diatribe!
They also testify to his great ability to apply the Scriptures to new situations in daily life!
Paul was able to take advantage of the teaching of Gamaliel!
The attitude of the latter towards the other members of the Sanhedrin is also traced in the Acts!
Thus, the synagogues were not only places of prayer, preaching and teaching, some offered premises with bathrooms for foreigners passing through!
They could even contain prisons where one made undergo the synagogal sorrows, especially that of the whip!
What will happen 5 times to Paul!
The Pharisee tradition prescribed a father to teach his son a manual activity!
Paul's father insisted that he learn the trade of tentmaker!
And Paul will exercise this manual activity so as not to be a burden for the other disciples!
Ancient society had a great need for canvases and tents. It was needed in all circumstances of life: shelter for a single person or for a family, tarpaulins for carts and boats, and huge ceremonial tents, similar to our capitals, which could shelter up to four hundred people!
It is therefore easy to understand the interest of this manual activity!
Paul had a promising future ahead of him and the prospect of a brilliant career!
The irruption of Jesus in his life will upset this privileged situation!
Another reason that allows the judicious choice of Jesus to make Paul the apostle of the nations!

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8- Paul's education
Paul benefited from a long and serious intellectual training which enabled him to fight against narrow-mindedness and petty bigotry.

Paul attended Bible school in the synagogue from his childhood.
First of all, he received a biblical education not only within his family, but also in the school of the synagogue. In the Greek environment - this is the case in Tarsus - education was accompanied by the learning of languages. Paul had the mental categories to make himself understood in this very diverse world. In his first epistle to the Corinthians (14,11) he will write: “If I did not know the value of language, I would have the effect of a Barbarian on whoever spoke to me”.
Paul's epistles manifest a good knowledge of the categories of Greek rhetoric, especially in the use of antithesis and diatribe. (Romans 2, 1-6 and 10, 6-8). They also testify to his great ability to apply the Scriptures to new situations in daily life.

Paul continued his religious training in Jerusalem under the direction of Gamaliel, the greatest Jewish teacher of his time,

The first cycle of his education completed, his father sent him to Jerusalem to pursue religious studies there under the direction of the greatest Jewish master of his time, Gamaliel the Elder. It is he who makes a brief appearance in the story of Saint Luke, preaching moderation to the great council of the Sanhedrin, which was preparing to annihilate the Christian movement: "Israelites, be careful what you are going to do in the case of these people... I tell you, don't bother about them and let them go! If it is from men that their resolution or their enterprise comes, it will disappear of itself; if it's from God, you can't make it go away. Do not risk finding yourself at war with God!” (Acts 5, 35-39) Paul's fanaticism towards the first Christians therefore did not come from his revered master!

Paul will later recall his years of apprenticeship in Jerusalem: “It is here, in this city, that I was brought up and that I received at the feet of Gamaliel a formation strictly conforming to the Law of our fathers. (Acts 22:3)

In Jerusalem, Paul probably lived with his sister. We know that she had a son who, when the time comes, will come to the aid of his uncle in danger. (Acts 23, 12-22)

Thanks to his studies in Tarsus and Jerusalem, Paul became a great connoisseur of the Bible

Every Saturday, the Sabbath day, Paul attended the synagogue. In the first century, there were reportedly 480 synagogues in Jerusalem. Each region of the world had its own, much like in Rome today, where each country has its national church. Synagogues were places of prayer, preaching and teaching. Some offered rooms with bathrooms for visiting foreigners. In some of them there were underground prisons where the synagogical punishments, especially that of the whip, were inflicted. During his missionary journeys, Paul was sentenced five times to "39 lashes" in Jewish prisons. In all the synagogues, especially in that of Cilicia where Paul went every Sabbath, there was regular discussion of Jesus of Nazareth and his followers.

Thanks to his studies in Tarsus and Jerusalem, Paul had become a great connoisseur of the Bible. He quotes it more than two hundred times in his letters. After his encounter with Christ on the road to Damascus, knowledge of the Scriptures will allow him to reinterpret the history of salvation and to accept Jesus Christ as Messiah and Saviour.

For the Jews, the Scriptures were most precious. During the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem by the soldiers of Titus, in the year 70, the Jews abandoned the gold and silver utensils used for the sacrifices, the lamps and the candelabras, and many other precious objects, for save the scripture scrolls. The Bible was for them the true treasure of the Temple and it was the only one that escaped the flames and destruction.

Training in the trade of tentmaker (his father's trade) will allow him
to earn a living

In addition to his academic studies, Paul received from his family and according to Jewish tradition, a manual training that will allow him to earn a living. Among the Jews, unlike the Romans and Greeks, manual labor was valued and respected. The Pharisee tradition prescribed a father to teach his son a manual activity. Paul's father insisted that he learn the trade of tentmaker. It was a very fashionable profession in Tarsus and his father probably wanted to prepare his son to take over the small family business. The prosperity of Tarsus came from the textile trades. Along with embroidered fabrics, coarse goat hair fabrics were one of the specialties of Cilicia.
Ancient society had a great need for canvases and tents. It was needed in all circumstances of life: shelter for a single person or for a family, tarpaulins for wagons and boats, and huge ceremonial tents, similar to our capitals, which could shelter up to four hundred people.
In his youth, Paul could not foresee that he would one day have to practice his trade as a tentmaker in order to survive. This kind of work will allow him to meet many of his future co-workers in the gospel. During his missionary journeys, he will come into contact with many craftsmen and textile merchants: Lydia, purple merchant in Philippi, Aquila and Prisca in Corinth, and in Ephesus, dyers or wool merchants.
Fortunately, this Pharisee's son had applied himself from his youth to learn the trade of weaver. He was able to exercise it in Arabia, as he would later do throughout his missionary journeys. This will make it independent of any foreign aid.

In his youth, Paul therefore benefited from a solid education. Citizen of Tarsus, connoisseur of the Bible, speaking several languages, experienced weaver, disciple of Gamaliel, leader by birth, active member of his community, trained to succeed his father, all this places him among the elite of society. in terms of education, power and authority. In a world where the vast majority of people could neither read nor write, he belonged to a class apart. Paul had before him a promising future and the prospect of a brilliant career. The irruption of Jesus in his life will upset this privileged situation. He himself will say later: "Because of him I accepted to lose everything, I consider everything as waste, in order to win Christ and be found in him." (Philemon 3.8).

 

[JLG]

The Law of Moses, as interpreted in Jesus' time, suffocated life, when originally it was offered as a gift, as a gift to "serve life" (Romans 7:12). She had become a straitjacket!
Stephen interprets Scripture in an unorthodox way and bears witness to Jesus Christ. They put him to death for this reason alone!
Those responsible for the stoning had laid their clothes at the feet of a young man named Saul of Tarsus.
And Luke adds that “Saul was among those who approved of this murder”. (Acts 7, 58 - 8,1)
Paul's story therefore begins with a complicity with Stephen's murderers!
In fact, the entire history of mankind is filled with murders perpetrated in the name of religion!
Which tells us who is behind!
In Acts 26, 1, he will say: "Going through all the synagogues I wanted, by my cruelties, to force them to blaspheme and, in the excess of my fury against them, I pursued them even in foreign cities."
“As for Saul, Saint Luke tells us, he ravaged the Church; going from house to house, he snatched men and women and threw them into prison”. (Acts 8:3). “Saul always breathed nothing but threats and carnage towards the disciples of the Lord” (Acts 9, 1).
Saul was one of those people!
During this period, Paul considers himself so much fairer and better than others who are different from him. He wants to destroy the sect of the Nazarenes in order to protect the religion of his ancestors!
Habitual behavior that only the kingdom of Yah.weh will put an end to!
The violent death of Stephen was the price to pay so that the primitive Church could free itself from the Judaic and national framework and could move towards a universalism that would make it a Church open to all!


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9- Murder in the name of religion

After completing his studies with Gamaliel, his revered teacher, Paul returned to Tarsus to return to Jerusalem a few years later. (Acts 7, 58)

If we accept the year 30 as the year of the death of Jesus, and if we leave some time in between to allow the young Christian Church to develop and organize itself, then we can fix on the year 33 Paul's return to Jerusalem.

In the small community of Christ's disciples, Stephen had been chosen to be one of seven deacons responsible for helping those in need. Accused of having uttered "blasphemous words against Moses and against God", he was brought before the Sanhedrin.

It was Stephen who first recognized the universal significance of the Church and proclaimed it loud and clear. According to him, the Law and the Temple were necessary but temporary stages in the order of salvation.

The Law of Moses, as interpreted in Jesus' time, suffocated life, when originally it was offered as a gift, as a gift to "serve life" (Romans 7:12). She had become a straitjacket. At the Council of Jerusalem, Peter will say in his speech to the participants: "Why do you want to provoke God by imposing on the non-Jewish disciples a yoke that neither our fathers nor ourselves could bear?" (Acts 15, 10)

Saul witnesses the stoning of Stephen
Stephen's independence did not take long to worry the hierarchy of the Temple. Christians who claimed the Galilean carpenter had so far caused little stir. It had sufficed to give two of the agitators a few whippings and nothing more was heard of them. But this Etienne was a real provocateur! He sowed discredit on the interpretation of the Law! He was quickly sentenced to be stoned.
Death by stoning, resulting from a legal and religious prescription, requires no appointed executioner, only ordinary men who allow their hatred to reach its climax until the unleashing of their wildest instincts. Everyone arms themselves with stones to throw them at full force at the living target.

It is a killing that comes with a game of skill. This kind of execution still exists today. Not long ago, the Taliban stoned to death a man and a woman accused of adultery. In Iran, a woman is sentenced to whipping and stoning for political and religious reasons. We massacre in the name of religion! We remember the lynching of blacks in the United States. Members of the Ku-Klux-Klan, refounded in 1915 by a Methodist pastor, made these murders a matter of religious loyalty!

The murderers are ordinary people, like you and me, good people filled with piety, who murder one of their own because he dares to deviate from established dogmas. Stephen interprets Scripture in an unorthodox way and bears witness to Jesus Christ. They put him to death for that reason alone. Those responsible for the stoning had laid their clothes at the feet of a young man named Saul of Tarsus. And Luke adds that “Saul was among those who approved of this murder”. (Acts 7, 58 - 8,1)

Paul's story therefore begins with a complicity with Stephen's murderers.

A regular persecution followed this killing: "In that day a violent persecution was unleashed against the Church of Jerusalem". (Acts 8, 1) The persecution was directed especially against the Christians of the Diaspora.

Shortly after Stephen's death, Paul will declare war on the sect of the Nazarenes. He himself describes his radical position when he affirms before the tribune of the Roman cohort, on the steps of the Antonia fortress: "I have persecuted this Way to death" (Acts 22, 4).

In Acts 26, 1, he will say: "Going through all the synagogues I wanted, by my cruelties, to force them to blaspheme and, in the excess of my fury against them, I pursued them even in foreign cities."

“As for Saul, Saint Luke tells us, he ravaged the Church; going from house to house, he snatched men and women and threw them into prison”. (Acts 8:3). “Saul always breathed nothing but threats and carnage towards the disciples of the Lord” (Acts 9, 1).

Between the martyr's prayer

and the vocation of the apostle,

the link is clear

During this period, Paul considers himself so much fairer and better than others who are different from him. He wants to destroy the sect of the Nazarenes in order to protect the religion of his ancestors.

Paul did not know at that time that he would soon be called by Christ to continue the work of Stephen. Later, he too will affirm that the Law and the Temple are only passing stages leading to universal salvation.

The violent death of Stephen was the price to pay so that the early Church could free itself from the Jewish and national framework and be able to move towards a universalism that would make it a Church open to all. Saint Augustine will say of this death sentence: “Without Stephen's prayer, the Church would not have had a Paul. (Sermon 382). Stephen occupies only two small chapters in the Acts of the Apostles. Paul fills thirteen. If it is difficult to put them in parallel, it is impossible to separate them. Between the prayer of the martyr and the vocation of the apostle, the link is clear.

 

[JLG]

- According to Paul of Tarsus, the new sect of Christians threatened the faith of Israel. By hunting down these dangerous renegades, he wanted to protect his compatriots. It seemed clear to him that the crucifixion of Jesus proved that the Nazarene was a false messiah and that the brotherhood between the Jews and members of other races, as preached by Stephen, would do away with the "single election" of the people of Israel. We need to remember these considerations in order to appreciate the true value of the irruption of Christ into the life of Saint Paul.
- It is therefore above all the event of the road to Damascus which illuminates the life of St. Paul with an intensity that will never weaken. His great knowledge of the Scriptures will then provide him with the necessary lights to find meaning in this momentous encounter. The Scriptures will enable him to understand and harmonize the revelation of Jesus, Son of God, with the suffering Messiah of the prophets.
- “The gospel of Paul” therefore did not fall to him from heaven perfectly finished. It will be the fruit of divine illumination, followed by meditative prayer and constant Bible study. His letters reflect this triple character.
- It is important to emphasize that Paul's conversion did not end on the road to Damascus. This is where it begins. It will take him a lifetime, until his death sentence in the capital of the Empire, to complete this conversion.
- The life of a Christian is a path that he must follow and lead to the end!
- There is no question of taking breaks or being a Christian when it suits us!
- One must be a Christian at every moment of his life!

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10- On the road to Damascus

The risen Christ appears to Paul

Paul is deeply gripped, in his heart and in his intelligence, by this Jesus who came to reveal God's infinite love for us.
He is overthrown by the merciful and free love of God, at a time when nothing prepared him for this revelation.
According to Paul of Tarsus, the new sect of Christians threatened the faith of Israel. By hunting down these dangerous renegades, he wanted to protect his compatriots. It seemed clear to him that the crucifixion of Jesus proved that the Nazarene was a false messiah and that the brotherhood between the Jews and members of other races, as preached by Stephen, would do away with the "single election" of the people of Israel. We need to remember these considerations in order to appreciate the true value of the irruption of Christ into the life of Saint Paul.
In Christian iconography, particularly in the Middle Ages, we see Paul who, on the road to Damascus, falls from his horse. In the first century, horses were rare and they were used mainly by the military and by high Roman officials. Paul was probably traveling on foot, in the middle of a "caravan". Suddenly, this convinced Pharisee finds himself face to face with the one he wants to eliminate. Twice he hears his name pronounced: “Saul! Saul! Why are you persecuting me?” Christ identifies himself with the Christians of his Church. Paul becomes blind and it will be one of the disciples of the Lord, Ananias, who will restore his sight. (Acts 9, 10-19)

Theatrical scene of the conversion of Saul (often repeated in Christian iconography)... which falsely suggests that Paul faces an all-powerful, authoritarian and wrathful God, who stops him in the middle of a ride

The Apostle will never have the slightest doubt about what he experienced during those few moments on the road to Damascus. His conviction will remain unshakable: he really met Jesus, the Risen One, who challenged him and turned his life upside down. When he comes to, like a real man of action, he asks: "Lord, what do you want me to do?" (Acts 22, 10)

Without this appearance of the risen Christ, Paul would never have been able to overcome the “scandal of the cross”. Only the resurrection could remove this obstacle, as it did for the other apostles.

Throughout his life, Paul will remember this meeting. The Lord appeared to him, not in the guise of one who chastises and avenges, but with a countenance full of mercy and kindness:

"The day when the goodness of God our Savior appeared and his love for men, he did not concern himself with the works that we had been able to accomplish, but, moved by his mercy alone, he saved us by bathing in the regeneration and renewal in the Holy Spirit.” (Titus 3, 4-5)

The wrath of God against men had been transformed into love full of tenderness. The epistles of Paul, unique documents in world literature, will proclaim this fundamental truth:

"But mercy has been shown to me!" (1 Timothy 1, 13)

Paul is deeply gripped, in his heart and in his intelligence, by this Jesus who came to reveal God's infinite love for us. He then discovers the mystery of the God-incarnate, who places himself on the side of the weak, who identifies himself with each of them: “I am the one you are persecuting”. He is overthrown by the merciful and free love of God, at a time when nothing prepared him for this revelation. It is to the sudden nature of this encounter that the strange words allude: “After all the disciples, he appeared to me too, as to an abortion. (1 Corinthians 15:8).

At the beginning of the 5th century, Saint Augustine, who will also live a great experience of conversion, will say, speaking of the fight for grace in Saint Paul: “She threw him to the ground to raise him immediately” (Sermon 14).

"Paul's Gospel" will be the fruit of divine illumination, followed by meditative prayer

and constant Bible study.

It is therefore above all the event of the road to Damascus which illuminates the life of St. Paul with an intensity that will never weaken. His great knowledge of the Scriptures will then provide him with the necessary lights to find meaning in this momentous encounter. The Scriptures will enable him to understand and harmonize the revelation of Jesus, Son of God, with the suffering Messiah of the prophets.

“The gospel of Paul” therefore did not fall from heaven to him perfectly finished. It will be the fruit of divine illumination, followed by meditative prayer and constant Bible study. His letters reflect this triple character. If we read them in the chronological sequence of their writing, it is possible to recognize quite clearly the development of the thought of the apostle of the nations.

For Paul, this encounter with Christ can be summed up in one word: gratuitousness! This is the key to reading his experience on the road to Damascus. This gratuitousness renewed her relationship with God from within. From now on, it will guide his whole life and support him in the crises that will come. It is the new source of spirituality which makes a "powerful energy" (Colossians 1:29) spring up in him, much more demanding than his will to practice the Law and to acquire his own justification.

Free from God!

This is the key to reading his experience on the road to Damascus.

Joy and thanksgiving will be the characteristics of his spirituality.

It is important to point out that Paul's conversion did not end on the road to Damascus. This is where it begins. It will take him a lifetime, until his death sentence in the capital of the Empire, to complete this conversion.

When Paul takes a look at his life, he sees it divided into two parts, “life without Christ” and “life in Christ”. What happened on the road to Damascus is the great event that separates them. After this meeting, the tumultuous life of Paul experiences a turnaround that invites him not to destroy those who are different from him but to preach to them hope, reconciliation and freedom in God-Savior.

Paul is like the merchant of whom Matthew speaks in chapter 13 of his Gospel: having found a precious pearl, he realizes that all the rest is worthless. He is like the man who discovers a treasure hidden in a field and gives up everything to acquire it.

“Because of him, I accepted to lose everything, I consider everything as waste, in order to win Christ.” (Philippians 3, 7-8).

The encounter on the road to Damascus will produce a true transfiguration in Paul, and will bring him great inner

“I am filled with consolation; I overflow with joy in the midst of all our trials” (2 Colossians 7, 4).

It will invite him to recognition. (cf. Colossians 1:12). Joy and thanksgiving will be the characteristics of his spirituality. And the experience of Damascus will invite him to praise his Lord:

“Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who from heaven has showered us with all spiritual blessings in Christ” (Ephesians 1:3). (See 2 Colossians 1, 3-4).

Meeting Christ on the road to Damascus is the most precious moment in Paul's life. Three times, Luke tells us about it (Acts 9, 1-19; 22, 4-16; 26, 9-18), because this event is an example and a model of all true encounters with Christ.

 

[JLG]

- At the time of his encounter with Christ, Paul is not an unbeliever who discovers God, nor a sinner who wants to free himself from his faults, his negligence or his indifference. Before this incident, he had an exemplary conduct. He does not hesitate to say himself that he was "blameless with regard to the justice of the law" (Philippians 3, 5). Paul's conversion and calling did not bring about a dramatic change in his Jewish religion. Paul was born and lived his whole life as a "son of Israel", but with the encounter with Christ he discovered in Jesus the awaited Messiah. What is called his conversion was not the change from one religion to another, but a new understanding of the Scriptures, thanks to the revelation of Damascus.

- For Paul, it is a rupture in his life and he assumes all the consequences. He accepts to pass for a madman in the eyes of Greek culture and to be a scandal for the Jewish religion, the religion of his fathers! "While the Jews ask for signs and the Greeks seek wisdom, we proclaim a crucified Christ, scandal to the Jews and folly to the Gentiles" (1 Corinthians 1, 22-23)

- Breaking with the world he knows, Paul undertakes to rebuild it on new bases where the relations of domination based on race, religion, social class or sex will be overcome. The community of faith must be the seed of this new society. In it is born the "new Adam" and the "new Eve", the new man and the new woman: "What matters is the new creation." (Galatians 6, 15). "If anyone is in Christ, he is a new creature." (2 Corinthians 5:17).

- Paul found here the meaning of his life and, according to him, nothing can separate him from this infinite love: “Tribulation, anguish, persecution, hunger, nudity, perils, the sword?.. .death, life, angels, principalities, present, future, powers, height or depth, nor any other creature can separate us from the love of God manifested in Christ Jesus our Lord »

- He will learn to lose his smugness as an irreproachable Pharisee and to expect everything from Christ: "The Lord has judged me trustworthy by taking me into his service, I who had previously been a blasphemer, persecutor and violent." (1 Timothy, 12-13)

- Paul is an example for us!

- It's up to us to follow his path!

- And not to stop on the way or stay on the side of the road!

______________________________________________________________________________

11- Break in the life of Paul

Paul is very secretive about what happened on the road to Damascus and gives little information about his encounter with Christ. However, he asserts that God revealed his Son to him, and that is what is important to him. He speaks of this event in terms of "revelation" (Galatians 2, 2) or "appearance of the risen Lord" (1 Corinthians 9, 1; 15, 8). It thus indicates the whole interior aspect of this contact with God.

The book of Acts of the Apostles gives us much more detail on the subject. Chapter 9, 1-19 relates the conversion of Paul and the same story comes back to chapter 22, 6-16 and chapter 26, 12-18. In each of these texts, the details are slightly different, but the essential plot of the story remains the same.

At the time of his encounter with Christ, Paul is not an unbeliever who discovers God, nor a sinner who wants to free himself from his faults, his negligence or his indifference. Before this incident, he had an exemplary conduct. He does not hesitate to say himself that he was "blameless with regard to the justice of the law" (Philippians 3, 5). Paul's conversion and calling did not bring about a dramatic change in his Jewish religion. Paul was born and lived his whole life as a "son of Israel", but with the encounter with Christ he discovered in Jesus the awaited Messiah. What is called his conversion was not the change from one religion to another, but a new understanding of the Scriptures, thanks to the revelation of Damascus.

Paul's conversion has its source in the discovery of the gratuitous love that God has for him.

For Paul, it is a rupture in his life and he assumes all the consequences. He accepts to pass for a madman in the eyes of Greek culture and to be a scandal for the Jewish religion, the religion of his fathers! “While the Jews ask for signs and the Greeks seek wisdom, we proclaim a crucified Christ, a scandal for the Jews and folly for the Gentiles” (1 Corinthians 1, 22-23),

Breaking with the world he knows, Paul undertakes to rebuild it on new bases where the relations of domination based on race, religion, social class or sex will be overcome. The community of faith must be the seed of this new society. In her is born the "new Adam" and the "new Eve", the new man and the new woman: "What matters is the new creation." (Galatians 6, 15). "If anyone is in Christ, he is a new creature." (2 Corinthians 5:17).

Before this meeting in Damascus, Paul considered himself master of his life. Now someone else is directing it and calling it into action. The Roman citizen, the free man, the convinced Pharisee makes himself "the slave of Christ" (Romans 1, 1; Galatians 1, 10). Paul no longer belongs to himself. "In life and in death, we belong to the Lord." (Romans 14.8). However, this change of orientation does not take away his freedom. On the contrary! “It is so that we remain free, he says, that Christ has freed us!” (Galatians 5, 1; 2, 4). Incredible paradox!

Paul found here the meaning of his life and, according to him, nothing can separate him from this infinite love: “Tribulation, anguish, persecution, hunger, nudity, perils, the sword?... death, life, angels, principalities, present, future, powers, height or depth, nor any other creature can separate us from the love of God manifested in Christ Jesus our Lord.

Paul's conversion has its source in the discovery of the gratuitous love that God has for him. The merciful face of Jesus eclipses the image he had made of a demanding God to whom we owe obedience and submission above all.

From that day on, Paul will no longer rely on his own strength, nor on his “good works”.

He will learn to lose his smugness as an irreproachable Pharisee and to everything

expect from Christ.

After this revelation on the road to Damascus, reading the texts of Isaiah and other texts of the Old Testament, Paul discovers the true nature of God. This God loves us to the point of offering his life for us. The cross which was the object of scandal becomes the proof of his great love. God did not choose the cross, it was the wickedness of men who condemned him to this atrocious death, but he accepted this infamous torture out of love for us. He died because of human injustice and, like millions of others, He went to the end of our humanity.

From that day on, Paul will no longer rely on his own strength, nor on his “good works”. His assurance and his confidence, he will henceforth put them in God, and in God alone. He will understand that salvation is not the result of his efforts, but that it is freely offered to him in Jesus Christ: "For my present life... I live it in faith in the Son of God who gave me loved and gave himself up for me.” (Galatians 2, 20).

He will learn to lose his smugness as an irreproachable Pharisee and to expect everything from Christ: "The Lord has judged me trustworthy by taking me into his service, I who had previously been a blasphemer, persecutor and violent person." (1 Timothy, 12-13)

Paul discovers himself a sinner, but Jesus does not stop at his past. He looks to the future and thinks only of what it can become. He declares to Ananias all the confidence he places in this persecuting Pharisee: “This man is for me an instrument of choice to carry my name before the pagan nations, the kings and the Israelites”. (Acts 9, 15)

Paul will devote his whole life to responding in an extraordinary way to this invitation of Christ. Driven by the unconditional love of God, he will go to the end of the world and to the end of life. Christ had said "It is a fire that I have come to bring to earth". Paul now shares this same desire and he will now be able to say: "...and how I wish it were already lit" (Luke 12, 49)

 

[JLG]

• We have little information about the three years Paul spent in Arabia after his encounter with Christ on the road to Damascus. Fortunately, he was forced later, because of the attacks of his adversaries, to lift the veil a little on this period of his life.
• For three years, Paul deepened the new orientation of his life.
• “In Arabia,” did he go down to Petra, the capital of the Nabataeans, or did he head for Palmira? One can only speculate on Paul's movements during these three years of reflection. The term "Arabia" then applied to the entire Arabian Peninsula, but its core was the kingdom of the Nabatheans, with its capital Petra, a real eagle's nest in the desert, which controlled the caravan route. The Greco-Roman ruins of this capital-fortress are impressive. Arabia also included Basra, Homs (Emesa), Amman, and a very large territory extending to the rivers of Mesopotamia, the Tigris and the Euphrates. The sheik of the Nabataeans, Aretas, king of Damascus and a large part of the territory of Arabia, was at war with king Herod Antipas, because the latter had divorced his daughter to marry Herodias, the wife of his brother, the one who asked for the head of John the Baptist. In Arabia, Paul felt protected against Jewish emissaries, and this may be the reason why he traveled to this desert region.
• During this period, a spiritual and intellectual transformation continued in him, which revealed Pauline theology more and more. Paul will then speak of “his gospel”: “The gospel that I announced is not on a human scale: neither did I receive it or learn it from a man, but by a revelation of Jesus Christ.” (Galatians 1, 11-12).
• During his stay in Arabia, from the Scriptures he knows by heart, Paul develops a new conception of Christ and faith. He then understands that the universal plan of God is addressed not only to the Jews but to all nations. He also discovers the mystery of God's infinite love for us through the rejection of his people and the scandal of the cross.
• His gospel is the same as that of the other apostles, but Paul will know how to make it accessible not only to the Jews of the Diaspora but to the Greco-Roman world.
• Paul thus became aware of Christ's will to remove the barrier and the wall that separated Judaism from other nations.
• For Paul, to be a Christian is to be conquered by Christ and to be released from the narrow framework of a single culture, a single religion, a single nation. Christ is the New Adam, the new prototype of humanity. Paul's conception of Christ is not the product of religious speculation, but of revelation by the Spirit. In Arabia, his new theology found its bases.
• After three years, Paul returned to Damascus and appeared in the synagogue. To the great astonishment of the Jews, he asked to speak to demonstrate, based on the texts of the Prophets, that Jesus was the long-awaited Messiah and that he was alive. Among the Orthodox Jews, anger began to growl and Paul was threatened with death.
• Is it possible to add something?

______________________________________________________________________________

 

[JLG]

12- The Arabian Desert and the Flight from Damascus​

Arabian Desert - Wadi Rum. In the southeast of Jordan, near Petra.
We have little information about the three years Paul spent in Arabia after his encounter with Christ on the road to Damascus. Fortunately, he was forced later, because of the attacks of his adversaries, to lift the veil a little on this period of his life.
He tells us that after this meeting he did not consult his family or the leaders of the Church in Jerusalem: “At once I consulted neither flesh nor blood. Neither did I go up to Jerusalem” (Galatians 1:16-17).
For now, this momentous event is enough for him. Moreover, if he had gone to Jerusalem, his situation vis-à-vis the Christians would have been very delicate, because of his numerous attacks against the disciples of Christ. Then he would have put his life in danger with the Sanhedrin for joining the disciples of Christ.
For three years, Paul deepened the new orientation of his life.
Paul simply said, “I went to Arabia. The Orthodox theologian Nicolas Koulomzine considers “this retreat very significant: Paul follows the royal path of all mystics, he retires to the desert in order to isolate himself, to find himself for a time, alone with God. Thanks to this time of reflection, he will feel the influence on him of the Spirit of the Lord.”

Located in the desert of present-day Jordan, Petra was an extraordinary city, especially because of its many magnificent monuments carved into the very rock.

“In Arabia,” did he go down to Petra, the capital of the Nabataeans, or did he head for Palmira? One can only speculate on Paul's movements during these three years of reflection. The term "Arabia" then applied to the entire Arabian Peninsula, but its core was the kingdom of the Nabatheans, with its capital Petra, a real eagle's nest in the desert, which controlled the caravan route. The Greco-Roman ruins of this capital-fortress are impressive. Arabia also included Basra, Homs (Emesa), Amman, and a very large territory extending to the rivers of Mesopotamia, the Tigris and the Euphrates. The sheik of the Nabataeans, Aretas, king of Damascus and a large part of the territory of Arabia, was at war with king Herod Antipas, because the latter had divorced his daughter to marry Herodias, the wife of his brother, the one who asked for the head of John the Baptist. In Arabia, Paul felt protected against Jewish emissaries, and this may be the reason why he traveled to this desert region.

For three years, Paul deepened the new orientation of his life. To clarify the change in him, he uses expressions such as “putting on Christ Jesus” or “appropriating the feelings of Christ Jesus” (Philemon 2:5).

He discovers the mystery of God's infinite love for us through the rejection of his people

and the scandal of the cross.

During this period, a spiritual and intellectual transformation continued in him, which revealed Pauline theology more and more. Paul will then speak of “his gospel”: “The gospel that I announced is not on a human scale: neither did I receive it or learn it from a man, but by a revelation of Jesus Christ.” (Galatians 1, 11-12).

During his stay in Arabia, from the Scriptures he knows by heart, Paul develops a new conception of Christ and faith. He then understands that the universal plan of God is addressed not only to the Jews but to all nations. He also discovers the mystery of God's infinite love for us through the rejection of his people and the scandal of the cross.

His gospel is the same as that of the other apostles, but Paul will know how to make it accessible not only to the Jews of the Diaspora but to the Greco-Roman world.

The fundamental idea revealed to him in Damascus is that of a powerful intervention of God in history, in the person of Jesus who came to save men and not to condemn them. Jesus is the messenger of the Father, the messenger of the good news, the Messiah-Savior. The love that the Lord has for Paul, the persecutor, is offered to all. Christ intervened with mercy in his life and made effective the salvation offered to all humanity.

Paul thus became aware of Christ's will to remove the barrier and the wall that separated Judaism from other nations.

What touches Paul in the depths of his being, during this period of reflection, is

the Cross of Jesus.

What touches Paul in the depths of his being, during this period of reflection, is the Cross of Jesus, “this masterpiece of the love of God”. He will depict it to the Galatians, he will preach it to the Corinthians: “For I wanted to know nothing among you except Jesus Christ, and Jesus Christ crucified” (1Corinthians 2:2).

Paul is also deeply touched by the stripping of Christ, and the way in which he fulfills his mission: “He, of divine condition, did not jealously retain the rank which made him equal to God. But he annihilates himself, taking on the condition of a slave, and becoming like men. Having behaved like a man, he humbled himself again, obedient unto death, and death on the cross.” (Philippians. 2, 6-10).

For Paul, to be a Christian is to be conquered by Christ and to be released from the narrow framework of a single culture, a single religion, a single nation. Christ is the New Adam, the new prototype of humanity. Paul's conception of Christ is not the product of religious speculation, but of revelation by the Spirit. In Arabia, his new theology found its bases.

After three years, Paul returned to Damascus and appeared in the synagogue. To the great astonishment of the Jews, he asked to speak to demonstrate, based on the texts of the Prophets, that Jesus was the long-awaited Messiah and that he was alive. Among the Orthodox Jews, anger began to growl and Paul was threatened with death.

There were conspirators who promised to kill the "apostate" as soon as he walked through the maze of city streets. It was easy to buy off the rulers of Damascus. Guards were posted at all the gates to seize Paul if he tried to flee: “After a while the Jews came together to put him to death. But Saul got wind of their plot. They even guarded the gates of the city day and night, in order to put him to death. Then the disciples took him by night and lowered him in a basket along the wall” (Acts 9, 23-24).
This is the version of Luke who accuses the Jews of the conspiracy. Paul, for his part, believes that it is the civil authorities who want his life: "In Damascus, the ethnarch of King Aretas was guarding the city to arrest me and it is through a window, in a basket, let me slide along the wall, and so I escaped from his hands.” (2 Corinthians 11:32)
This conspiracy against Paul is probably orchestrated by both groups, that is, by the Jews with the support of the city authorities.
From a house that belonged to a Christian, Paul huddled in a large basket and was let down along the wall by strong ropes. At the bottom, it emerges and, after crossing gardens, irrigation canals and farmyards, it reaches the road that leads south, towards the "via maris", the road to the sea. will then go to Jerusalem.
For Paul, it was the first in a series of many escapades that will force him to flee from town to town to save his life.

 

[JLG]

• After his encounter with Jesus on the road to Damascus and his stay of 3 years in Arabia, Paul meets the other disciples in Jerusalem!
• But everyone is wary of him!
• Barnabas acts as an intermediary!
• He will first introduce him to Peter and James!
• The two men will develop a strong friendship!
• During these 15 days in Jerusalem, Paul also met James, the brother of the Lord. His membership in the family of Jesus is beyond doubt, and his influence on the first-century church will be considerable. When Peter departs from Jerusalem, he will take the lead of Jesus' disciples. This Christian, always eager to remain faithful to the rituals of his people, will make Paul's mission difficult. The day will come when he will find James and his disciples on his way, determined to annihilate the effects of his preaching. From its beginnings, Christianity will divide and fight itself.
• It is quite evident that during these fifteen days in Jerusalem, Paul did not spend all his time with Peter and James. He was expansive and combative in character. He felt urged to bear witness to the truth recognized and acquired by him. The synagogue where Paul gathered with other Jews from the Diaspora then became the scene of extremely violent debates. He came very close to being put to death, like Stephen. The group of disciples of Christ trembled for his life, but also for theirs. They had hitherto avoided any conflict with the Pharisees, a fairly large number of whom had come to join them.
• And here comes this imprudent man who admits of no compromise. Times were troubled and the little church in Jerusalem was threatened. Any difference, any disagreement was settled with a knife and dagger. Paul was a danger to this fragile and fearful community. His unequal and provocative character risked triggering a general persecution: “From then on he went and came with them in Jerusalem, preaching boldly in the name of the Lord. He also addressed the Hellenists and discussed with them; but these were engineering his downfall. Knowing this, the brothers brought him back to Caesarea, from where they sent him to Tarsus. (Acts 9, 28-30)
• Here again, we see the importance of the context which is essential for understanding everyone's attitude!
• Jesus faced constant opposition from his enemies!
• He had warned that corruption would spread when he died!
• Even during the lifetime of the apostles, this corruption raged!
• Paul never stopped fighting it!
• It grew from within!
• It is also, as Jesus said, a way of sorting out!

 

[JLG]

13- Paul meets Peter and James in Jerusalem​

Saints Peter and Paul (1)

Paul had everything to learn from the doings and deeds of Christ. The chief apostle was qualified to give them to him.
After his three-year stay in Arabia, Paul felt the need to meet the disciples of Christ. He had to learn all that Jesus had said on the roads of Palestine, during the meeting of the Last Supper, during the appearances after the resurrection, on the morning of Pentecost. He had everything to learn from the deeds and gestures of Christ.
In the interest of Christian unity, he also had to learn about the liturgy as it was practiced in the community of Jerusalem and familiarize himself with the tradition concerning the catechumenate, baptism, and the celebration of the Last Supper.
Arrived in Jerusalem, Paul finds himself in a difficult situation, both with the Orthodox Jews and with the Christians. Everyone distrusts him and avoids him as much as possible. Only one person then tried to understand this man converted by Christ: Barnabas. A Hellenist born in Cyprus, he was able to appreciate the qualities of the fiery Paul of Tarsus. “Arrived in Jerusalem, Paul tried to join the disciples, but all were afraid of him, not believing that he was really a disciple. Then Barnabas took him with him, brought him to the apostles and told them how on the way Saul had seen the Lord, who had spoken to him, and with what boldness he had preached in Damascus in the name of Jesus.” (Acts 9, 26-27)

Saint Barnabas(2)

Between Paul and Barnabas developed one of the most fruitful friendships in the history of the Church.
Barnabas is one of the most sympathetic characters of the primitive Church. He discovers in Paul the great soul of an apostle. His friendly hand intervenes to tear Paul out of his isolation and introduce him to the two most esteemed apostles: Peter and James. Barnabas will play a very big role in Paul's life. It is thanks to him that the apostle of the nations entered the circle of the disciples and that he became a pillar of Christianity. Following this meeting, one of the most fruitful friendships in the history of the Church developed between Barnabas and Paul.
Paul himself makes only a brief allusion to these events: “After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas and stayed with him fifteen days; I saw no other apostle, but only James, the Lord's brother." (Galatians 1, 18-19)
Pierre, always affable and welcoming, a man of great simplicity, probably invited him to share his lodgings in the hospitable house of Marie, the mother of the evangelist Mark, whose uncle Barnabas was.
From Peter, Paul learned to know the words of the institution of the Eucharist, as he reminded them to the Corinthians. The chief apostle was qualified to give them to him. We are in the presence of an authentic and solid teaching of the primitive tradition. With Peter, Paul probably visited the Garden of Gethsemane. The Epistle to the Hebrews, which is written in the spirit of the Apostle, and which contains his spiritual treasure, alludes to the prayer of the Lord during his agony: "It is this Christ who, in the days of his mortal life , sent up prayers and supplications, accompanied by a loud cry and tears, to Him who could save him from death”. (Hebrews 5, 7)

Saint James, the Major (3)

James took the lead of the disciples of Jesus, in Jerusalem. Always eager to stay
faithful to Jewish rituals, he will make Paul's mission difficult
During these 15 days in Jerusalem, Paul also met James, the brother of the Lord. His membership in the family of Jesus is beyond doubt, and his influence on the first-century church will be considerable. When Peter departs from Jerusalem, he will take the lead of Jesus' disciples. This Christian, always eager to remain faithful to the rituals of his people, will make Paul's mission difficult. The day will come when he will find James and his disciples on his way, determined to annihilate the effects of his preaching. From its beginnings, Christianity will divide and fight itself.
After these fifteen days in Jerusalem, Paul will remain in continuous contact with the disciples of the Mother Church and he will visit the holy city after each of his missionary journeys. The expression "I transmitted to you in the first place what I myself had received" (1 Corinthians 15:3) confirms that it is based on a solid tradition, that of the Lord's apostles. Paul has faithfully reported to us certain words of Jesus, such as those on the institution of the Eucharist, the mission of the disciples and the doctrine of marriage. The word of Jesus: "It is more blessed to give than to receive", which is not mentioned in the Gospels, it is Paul who kept it (Acts 20, 35).
It is quite evident that during these fifteen days in Jerusalem, Paul did not spend all his time with Peter and James. He was expansive and combative in character. He felt urged to bear witness to the truth recognized and acquired by him. The synagogue where Paul gathered with other Jews from the Diaspora then became the scene of extremely violent debates. He came very close to being put to death, like Stephen. The group of disciples of Christ trembled for his life, but also for theirs. They had hitherto avoided any conflict with the Pharisees, a fairly large number of whom had come to join them.
Paul was a danger to this fragile and fearful community. His unequal and provocative character risked triggering general persecution.

And here comes this imprudent man who admits of no compromise. Times were troubled and the little church in Jerusalem was threatened. Any difference, any disagreement was settled with knife and dagger. Paul was a danger to this fragile and fearful community. His unequal and provocative character risked triggering a general persecution: “From then on he went and came with them in Jerusalem, preaching boldly in the name of the Lord. He also addressed the Hellenists and discussed with them; but these were engineering his downfall. Knowing this, the brothers brought him back to Caesarea, from where they sent him to Tarsus. (Acts 9, 28-30)

His action therefore ended in a failure even more bitter than that of Damascus. He was forced to leave the city and the text adds that after Paul's departure the Christian community enjoyed a period of tranquility: "However the churches enjoyed peace throughout Judea, Galilee and Samaria ; they built themselves up and lived in the fear of the Lord, and they were filled with the consolation of the Holy Spirit.” (Acts 9, 31)

Paul was forbidden to stop on the way to visit the communities on the coast. "This is how I remained unknown by face to the communities of Judea." From Caesarea, Paul crossed to Tire and Sidon on his way to Seleucia near Antioch in Syria. (Galatians 1, 22). He then arrived in Tarsus, his native town.

Failure in Damascus, failure in Jerusalem, failure in Caesarea, it's not very good, and it's only the beginning.

 

[JLG]

- The city of Antioch in Syria was the base of Paul's missionary operations!

- After the Roman conquest by Pompey, in 64 BC., it became the capital of the province of Syria!

- It was located at the crossroads of the West and the East!

- Thanks to a network of canals and conduits that were supplied from the surrounding mountains, water was accessible both in the palaces of the rich and in the huts of the poor, in public baths and in private baths. Only the cities of Tarsus and Damascus could boast of such a profusion of running water.

- It was in Antioch that Roman coins bearing the effigy of the Emperor were minted.

- The population of Antioch consisted of various races and peoples. In Paul's time, it had about 500,000 inhabitants and was the third city of the empire after Rome and Alexandria.

- The three stages of the young Christian community on the way to the universal Church are characterized by the names: Jerusalem - Antioch - Rome. Antioch which was in contact with all the important cities of the Empire was an ideal place for a Church which wanted to spread among the nations.

- In addition to being an important commercial city, Antioch was a much more dynamic intellectual center than the city Jerusalem continually agitated and in revolt against Rome. Placed in tutelage and under surveillance by the Romans, Jerusalem was in a deplorable economic situation.

- In Antioch, the Jews formed an important colony. All who aspired to a serious religion, especially women, went to the synagogue on the Sabbath day. The number of proselytes recruited from among non-Jews was considerable. Citadel of civilization, the separation between Jews and non-Jews was less pronounced than elsewhere. This allowed the foundation of the first mixed church. The Antiochians allowed non-Jews to participate in their life of faith!

- Antioch in Syria exerted a profound influence on Paul: it became, for more than 20 years, his chosen homeland and the starting point of his three great missionary journeys.

- It was a very different world from what we know today!

- In the same way that the world we discover in the first part of the Bible was very different from the modern world!

- This is why we need to soak up this knowledge essential to a good knowledge of the Bible!

- And the languages that were spoken at these different times were also very different from modern languages!

- The Hebrew was more limited and corresponded to the reality of the time!

- The Greek was much richer and corresponded to the reality of the time!

- This is why we cannot consider the two languages in the same way and even less as our modern languages!

- For us, the Hebrews might seem uneducated!

- For the Greeks, we would be uneducated!

- So let's show some modesty and learn to understand these people who are very different from us!

- It will help us to get closer to the Bible and avoid moving away from it!

______________________________________________________________________________

14- Antioch of Syria

The city of Antioch at the foot of the mountain
To understand Paul's pastoral work, one must know a little about the city of Antioch in Syria, which was the base of his missionary operations. It was from there that he and Barnabas were sent by the small Christian community.
Antioch was founded three centuries before Paul's birth by Seleucus Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals. Placed at the crossroads of the caravan routes from the East, in connection with Babylon, Persia and India, it was in continuous contact with the western basin of the Mediterranean. Traders, bankers, shipowners were very quickly attracted to this cosmopolitan center, streaming with wealth and passion. After the Roman conquest by Pompey in 64 BC. J.C., it became the capital of the province of Syria.
Third city of the empire
(after Rome and Alexandria),
Antioch of Syria exerted a profound influence on Paul
The city was completely surrounded by a fortified wall, comprising between 300 and 400 towers, a masterpiece of Greco-Roman architecture. Antioch was proud of its hydraulic installations. Thanks to a network of canals and conduits that drew their supplies from the surrounding mountains, water was accessible both in the palaces of the rich and in the huts of the poor, in public baths and private baths. Only the cities of Tarsus and Damascus could boast of such a profusion of running water.

Antioch is located:

- In the northeast of the Mediterranean,

- North of Palestine (Jerusalem) of Lebanon and Jordan (Damascus),

- East of the island of Cyprus and Cilicia (Tarsus)

It was in Antioch that Roman coins bearing the effigy of the Emperor were minted. When Jesus asked the Pharisees, “Whose image and inscription is this?” He was probably holding a coin minted in Antioch in his hand.

Renan painted, in his picturesque style, this picture of Antioch:

“It was an incredible mass of jugglers, charlatans, mimes, magicians, thaumaturges, sorcerers, impostor priests; a city of races, games, dances, processions, feasts, bacchanalia, unbridled luxury, all the follies of the Orient, the most unhealthy superstitions, orgy fanaticism.

The population of Antioch consisted of various races and peoples. In Paul's time, it had about 500,000 inhabitants and was the third city of the empire after Rome and Alexandria.

When Titus razed the Temple of Jerusalem and destroyed the city in AD 70. AD, Antioch became the center of Christianity. From 252 to 380 ten councils met there.

The three stages of the young Christian community on the way to the universal Church are characterized by the names: Jerusalem - Antioch - Rome. Antioch which was in contact with all the important cities of the Empire was an ideal place for a Church which wanted to spread among the nations.

In addition to being an important commercial city, Antioch was a much more dynamic intellectual center than the continually restless city of Jerusalem in revolt against Rome. Placed in tutelage and under surveillance by the Romans, Jerusalem was in a deplorable economic situation.

After the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, Antioch became the center of Christianity.

From 252 to 380 ten councils met there.

In Antioch, the Jews formed an important colony. All who aspired to a serious religion, especially women, went to the synagogue on the Sabbath day. The number of proselytes recruited from among non-Jews was considerable. Citadel of civilization, the separation between Jews and non-Jews was less pronounced than elsewhere. This allowed the foundation of the first mixed church. The Antiochians allowed non-Jews to participate in their life of faith!

This situation was a cause for concern for the Church in Jerusalem. It was decided to send observers and the choice fell on Barnabas as head of delegation. A more qualified man could hardly have been chosen for this delicate mission. Barnabas, of imposing stature, with a face and gaze reflecting kindness, with calm gestures, had a solid judgment, which does not confuse the accidental with the essential.

After his official visit, Barnabas decided to stay in Antioch. It was he who, a little later, would pick up Paul in Tarsus, to invite him to work with him in this cosmopolitan city of the Empire.

The church at Antioch increasingly saw itself as an outpost of the Christian mission. Barely fifteen years had passed since the death of the Lord, and already a series of newly founded communities lined the Orontes valley and the Syro-Phoenician coast, like “a brilliant necklace of pearls”. Jerusalem with its old traditions will be destroyed and Antioch, a city open to all currents, will take over and open Christianity to the nations.

Antioch in Syria exercised a profound influence on Paul: it became, for more than 20 years, his chosen homeland and the starting point of his three great missionary journeys.

 

[JLG]

- In Antioch, a deep friendship was created between Barnabas and Paul. It will have lasting consequences in the life of the apostle. They worked within the young community, still imbued with the freshness of faith in Jesus Christ.

- Under the influence of Greek culture, Paul and Barnabas were able to open the Church of Antioch to the world of their time. This Church was the first to break away from strict Judaism and to integrate non-Jews into their community.

- The collaboration between Paul and Barnabas will last for many years. It started in Antioch and, as we will see later, it ended dramatically in Antioch. But the break was preceded by twelve years of close and fruitful collaboration. The brothers and sisters of this Church were right to send them on a mission together.

- So when Peter went up to Jerusalem, the circumcised took him to task: "Why, they asked him, did you go in to the uncircumcised and eat with them?" (Acts 11, 1-18)

- Conservative Christians did not accept missionaries allowing Gentiles to join them if they did not first become “Jews”, observing the rituals of their ancestors. This will be the problem that Paul and Barnabas will have to face throughout their missionary journeys.

- In Antioch, Paul and Barnabas lived in a charismatic community, fasting and praying in the company of the faithful of the local Church. Paul preached in the synagogues but also - this is new - elsewhere in the city. A tradition long evoked, showed him speaking near the Pantheon and to Romanized audiences. He taught more willingly than he baptized.

- For the third time, Barnabas will play an essential role in Paul's life. After having presented him to Peter and James in Jerusalem, having drawn him from his retirement in the city of Tarsus to take him to Antioch, he is now going to take him on a mission to the country he knows best because was born there: Cyprus. They will take with them the young Mark, cousin of Barnabas.

- The Christians of Antioch, have clubbed together to finance the trip. They gave them letters of recommendation, so that they would be well received in the synagogues as official delegates of the community of Antioch.

- Here we have the association of two men who linked their destinies and worked together to carry the message of Jesus!

- Together they were stronger!

- Together they moved mountains!

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15- Barnabas and Paul in Antioch

According to the Acts of the Apostles, Paul visited Jerusalem for 15 days where he met Peter and James, and then settled in Tarsus, his birthplace. He stayed there for three or four years. It is there that Barnabas comes to look for him to work with him: “Barnabas then went to look for Saul in Tarsus. Finding him, he brought him to Antioch. For a whole year they lived together in the Church and taught a considerable crowd there. It was in Antioch that the disciples first received the name of Christians.” (Acts 11, 25-26)

The name "Christians", therefore, did not come from the Jews who called them "Nazarenes", as the Semitic-speaking peoples still do today. The Christians themselves designated themselves by the following names: brothers, saints, believers, disciples, members of the Way. They welcomed this new name and hastened to adopt it. It expressed what was deepest in their new faith: they were "disciples of Christ."

In Antioch, a deep friendship was created between Barnabas and Paul. It will have lasting consequences in the life of the apostle. They worked within the young community, still imbued with the freshness of faith in Jesus Christ.

Every week, on the Lord's Day, we gathered for the celebration of the Last Supper. According to the example given by Christ and following the custom of the Christian Jews, the agapes (fraternal meal) preceded the Last Supper. Nothing united these people more than a meal together. When the apostles gloried in “having eaten and drank with the Lord” (Acts 10:41), they saw it as a sign of intimacy. Jesus' most precious gift, the Eucharist, he gave at the end of a fraternal meal. Christians kept for a long time this double meeting of the feast and the Lord's Supper.

Under the influence of Greek culture, Paul and Barnabas were able to open the Church of Antioch to the world of their time. This Church was the first to break away from strict Judaism and to integrate non-Jews into their community.

Even today, we are indebted to this first missionary Church of Antioch, even though it has now completely disappeared. On the outskirts of the Turkish city of Antakya, there is only a ruined Catholic chapel in a garden overgrown with weeds. It has been closed since there is no longer a resident priest for the approximately sixty families who attended the religious services.

The collaboration between Paul and Barnabé will last for many years. It started in Antioch and, as we will see later, it ended dramatically in Antioch. But the break was preceded by twelve years of close and fruitful collaboration. The brothers and sisters of this Church were right to send them on a mission together.

We must remember, however, that Barnabas and Paul were not the first to promote the spread of Christianity. It was above all the Christians dispersed by the persecution of Jerusalem, the Judeo-Christian craftsmen and merchants who were the first instruments of propaganda. At first, this missionary activity was aimed only at Jews. Exclusivism did not stem from ill will, but from a misconception of the message of Christ. The Judeo-Christians lacked an overview, broad and generous vision of the mission. We remember that in chapter 11 of the Acts of the Apostles the first Christians had reproached Peter for having admitted into the Church, and without any special formality, the centurion Cornelius and his whole family. Peter defended his decision by recalling the vision he had had, and demonstrated how the Holy Spirit, descending on these non-Jews, had justified his action: "However the apostles and the brothers of Judea heard that the heathen, they too had accepted the word of God. So when Peter went up to Jerusalem, the circumcised took him to task: “Why, they asked him, did you go in to the uncircumcised and eat with them?” (Acts 11, 1-18)

Conservative Christians resented missionaries allowing Gentiles to join them if they did not first become "Jewish", observing the rituals of their ancestors. This will be the problem that Paul and Barnabas will have to face throughout their missionary journeys.

Barnabas was born in Cyprus and was the cousin of Mark the Evangelist. He was not part of the Quorum of the Twelve, but the Church granted him the title of apostle because of the important participation he took in the diffusion of the Word of Christ. Coming from a rich family, just like Paul, he will earn his living working with his hands, so as not to be a burden on the community. He died martyred, around the year 60, near Salamis, on his native island.

In Antioch, Paul and Barnabas lived in a charismatic community, fasting and praying in the company of the faithful of the local Church. Paul preached in the synagogues but also - this is new - elsewhere in the city. A tradition long evoked, showed him speaking near the Pantheon and to Romanized audiences. He taught more willingly than he baptized.

One day when several of them were gathered to celebrate the Lord's Day, they perceived together an invitation which they felt had come from elsewhere: "In the Church established in Antioch there were prophets and teachers: Barnabas, Symeon called Niger, Lucius of Cyrene, Manaen, childhood friend of Herod the tetrarch, and Saul. One day, while they were celebrating the worship of the Lord and fasting, the Holy Spirit said: "Set me apart, therefore, Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them." So, after fasting and praying, they laid hands on them and left them to their mission.” (Acts 13, 1-3)

For the third time, Barnabas will play an essential role in Paul's life. After having presented him to Peter and James in Jerusalem, having drawn him from his retirement in the city of Tarsus to take him to Antioch, he is now going to take him on a mission to the country he knows best because was born there: Cyprus. They will take with them the young Mark, cousin of Barnabas.

The Christians of Antioch, have clubbed together to finance the trip. They gave them letters of recommendation, so that they would be well received in the synagogues as official delegates of the community of Antioch.

 

[JLG]

- Barnabas, Paul and Mark go to the island of Cyprus by boat!
- This is the first missionary trip that will last about 4 years!
- The Jews of the Cypriot Diaspora turn to the Greeks!
- Paul followed here the usual plan that he will adopt throughout his missionary journeys: to begin with the synagogue in which, as a distinguished rabbi and pupil of Gamaliel, he was willingly invited to speak. The Jews of the Diaspora will thus prove to be an important support as the principal agents of the expansion of Christianity.
However, very often, as we will see during these trips, things go wrong. A listener gets angry, shouts at imposture, at sacrilege. This takes the form of violence, sometimes going as far as the punishments reserved for heretics, whippings regulated by the rabbis or the specifically Roman flagellation administered by lictors: "From the Jews, says Paul, I have received five times the thirty-nine lashes, three times I was scourged (by the Romans)." (2 Corinthians 11:24)


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16- Salamis on the island of Cyprus
Barnabas, Paul and Mark are heading for the port of Antioch. Mark will be talked about later, as editor of the first gospel. We are in the spring of the year 45.

Our three travelers and all the other passengers had to bring food for the whole trip; the captain only provided drinking water. For this journey from Antioch to Salamis, we had to plan around thirty hours squatting on the bridge among the goods and the many animals that continually mooed.

Throughout Antiquity, travelers favored transport by sea, infinitely faster and less exhausting than land travel, but they were well aware of the dangers. This is why certain basic rules were followed to avoid shipwrecks. The first of these rules was that you only sail during the good season - from May to September - in order to avoid the winds that would lead to disaster. The texts of the time condemn the greed of shipowners who overload ships with goods and passengers, and sail during dangerous periods of "closed seas" (late autumn and winter). In 64, the historian Flavius Josephus was shipwrecked in the Adriatic Sea, because his boat had embarked six hundred passengers, far exceeding the capacity of the ship, and had sailed during the period of “mare clausum”.

The point of arrival was Salamis, the port of Salamis, birthplace of Barnabas. There was a large Jewish community there.

In the distance, our three travelers see the cliffs of Cyprus and the white houses that stand out against the blue sky. Although Roman territory since the year 58 BC., the island retained its almost totally Greek character, by its language, its culture, its writing and its living environment. Paul therefore finds himself in familiar territory and Barnabas sets foot on "his island". It is reasonable to think that Barnabas and Mark had relatives and friends on the island.

For Paul and Barnabas, this first missionary journey will last about four years. During this period, they will give little news to their base community of Antioch, the means of communication being limited and quite primitive.

The Acts of the Apostles recounts this “first mission” of the two travelers in chapters 13 and 14. The account, very posterior to the events, simplifies the mission and amplifies it at the same time. It still gives an enlightening picture. During the trip, Paul reveals his methods, his message and his character to us, but he remains the missionary sent by the community of Antioch, to which he will report on his return.

On the island of Cyprus, many Jews worked in the copper mines to which the island owes its name. The members of the Cypriot diaspora had already broken with the rule of the synagogues to speak only to the Jews: ' in Phoenicia, Cyprus and Antioch, but without preaching the word to anyone but the Jews. There were, however, among them some Cypriots and Cyreneans who, having come to Antioch, also spoke to the Greeks, announcing to them the Good News of the Lord Jesus. The hand of the Lord assisted them, and great were the number of those who became believers and converted to the Lord.” (Acts 11, 19-21).

Paul preaching in the synagogue. A 12th century mosaic.

The three missionaries dismounted at Salamis, 50 km north of Salamis. It was the largest merchant port on the island. All that remains today is a very extensive field of ruins, near Famagusta.

“When they arrived at Salamis, they proclaimed the word of God in the synagogues of the Jews.” (Acts 8,5)

Here Paul followed the usual plan that he would adopt throughout his missionary journeys: to begin with the synagogue in which, as a distinguished rabbi and student of Gamaliel, he was willingly invited to speak. The Jews of the Diaspora will thus prove to be an important support as the principal agents of the expansion of Christianity.

However, very often, as we will see during these trips, things go wrong. A listener gets angry, shouts at imposture, at sacrilege. This translates into violence, sometimes going as far as the punishments reserved for heretics, whippings regulated by the rabbis or the specifically Roman flogging administered by lictors: "From the Jews, says Paul, I have received five times the thirty-nine lashes, three times I was scourged (by the Romans)." (2 Corinthians 11:24)

Salamis is the first Church founded by Barnabas and Paul. Later, Barnabas will return there with his cousin Mark. It is also not far from this city that Barnabas will be martyred around the year 60.

 

[JLG]

- From these meetings with Sergius Paulus will result an important event in the life of Paul. The apostle who until now was called Saul, will add to his name that of Paul. He will be known by this new name “for all eternity.” For a time the Tarsiote used both names: Saul called Paul. But quickly, “Saul” will disappear, giving way to “Paul”. Paulos, in Greek, means small. Besides the reality of his small size, Paul no doubt wanted to underline in his own eyes his condition as a servant compared to the infinite power of God.
- Another significant change: in Cyprus, we see Paul pass imperceptibly from the supporting role to that of head of mission. So far the texts have spoken of “Barnabas and Paul”. It will no longer be a question, from now on, of “Paul and Barnabas”.
- Marc, however, expressed his disagreement and protested strongly. What were they doing up there in those wild mountains? There will be no Jewish communities, no synagogues, only impassable paths, bordering abysses, bridges and walkways torn down and merciless brigands. This is not how he had imagined the journey. The courage of the young man from Jerusalem, who knew nothing of wild nature, was flagging. He didn't want to continue. Paul's audacious ardor was beyond him. He did not feel able to face the difficulties and dangers of these inhospitable places. He spoke about it to his cousin, Barnabas, and communicated to him his decision to take the first boat bound for Caesarea Maritime, to then enter Jerusalem. This desertion of young Mark deeply hurt Paul and it will later become one of the causes of conflict between Paul and Barnabas.
- Each time, Paul becomes a more important leader!
- He fully plays his role!
- He keeps moving forward!
- Nothing can stop it!
- The machine is launched at full speed!

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- It was the first time that the Gospel penetrated the aristocracy of Roman society. It is easy to understand that for this occasion it was Paul, the Roman citizen, who played the main role. The privilege of Roman citizenship gave him a certain prestige in the eyes of the governor of this senatorial province.

- Sergius Paulus became the first prominent Roman to convert (Cornelius, baptized by Peter, was only a centurion). The proconsul may have been one of those "God-fearing" people who in every city went to the synagogue, drawn by the moral richness of the Jewish faith.

- From these meetings with Sergius Paulus will result an important event in the life of Paul. The apostle who until now was called Saul, will add to his name that of Paul. He will be known by this new name “for all eternity.” For a time the Tarsiote used both names: Saul called Paul. But quickly, “Saul” will disappear, giving way to “Paul”. Paulos, in Greek, means small. Besides the reality of his small size, Paul no doubt wanted to underline in his own eyes his condition as a servant compared to the infinite power of God.

- From this moment, the Evangelist Luke no longer names the Apostle except with his name of Paul. In this Greek and Roman name (Paulos - Paulus) we find a new opening for “the apostle of the Nations”.

- In Cyprus, we see Paul pass imperceptibly from the supporting role to that of head of mission.

- Mark, however, expressed his disagreement and protested strongly. What were they doing up there in those wild mountains? There will be no Jewish communities, no synagogues, only impassable paths, bordering abysses, bridges and walkways torn down and merciless brigands. This is not how he had imagined the journey. The courage of the young man from Jerusalem, who knew nothing of wild nature, was flagging. He didn't want to continue. Paul's audacious ardor was beyond him. He did not feel able to face the difficulties and dangers of these inhospitable places. He spoke about it to his cousin, Barnabas, and communicated to him his decision to take the first boat bound for Caesarea Maritime, to then enter Jerusalem. This desertion of young Mark deeply hurt Paul and it will later become one of the causes of conflict between Paul and Barnabas.

- Mark will later be able to overcome this youthful defection from Paphos, and he will again become a precious collaborator of the apostle Paul. Prisoner in Rome, Paul writes: "Aristarchus, my companion in captivity, greets you, as well as Mark, the cousin of Barnabas, about whom you have received instructions: if he comes to you, make him welcome." (Colossians 4, 10)

- This is very interesting!

- It is always possible to overcome disagreements!

- This is the prerogative of the true disciples of Jesus!

- You still have to want it!

- Sometimes it takes time!

- The important thing is to continue your mission and move forward!


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[JLG]

17- Paphos​

From Salamis, Barnabas, Paul and Mark traveled to Paphos, on the other side of the island. In this seaport, magic reigns supreme. It is just if we do not grant him the rank of religion. Its supporters are inspired by doctrines that have their roots in Egypt or Mesopotamia. Sergius Paulus, the Roman proconsul, gladly welcomes magicians and philosophers of all tendencies to his palace. He is always happy to engage with them in a debate that the intellectuals of antiquity loved.

Before the proconsul Sergius Paulus. Paul blinds the magician Elymas.

Having learned of the presence in Paphos of three new preachers, the proconsul wanted to meet them. “He invited Barnabas, Paul and Mark and expressed the desire to hear the word of God”. One would rather believe that, being bored on his island, the representative of the emperor probably sought to distract himself by meeting these unusual visitors.

It was the first time that the Gospel penetrated the aristocracy of Roman society. It is easy to understand that for this occasion it was Paul, the Roman citizen, who played the main role. The privilege of Roman citizenship gave him a certain prestige in the eyes of the governor of this senatorial province.

Sergius Paulus became the first prominent Roman to convert (Cornelius, baptized by Peter, was only a centurion). The proconsul may have been one of those "God-fearing" people who in every city went to the synagogue, drawn by the moral richness of the Jewish faith.

Sergius Paulus, from a noble family, is presented to us by Pliny as a cultured man, an important personage, an authority in the natural sciences, a member of the imperial commission for the regulation of the Tiber, the river which crosses Rome, a connoisseur of philosophical questions and nuns. Seeking the truth, he had none of the jaded skepticism of Pontius Pilate. Luke calls him "a wise man", because he obviously sought access to the world of the supernatural.

His administrative occupations in the small island left him a lot of leisure time which he devoted to intellectual work. As proconsul, he was surrounded by a court composed of young Roman patricians, preparing for their future career as administrators.

“Saul” will disappear, giving way to “PAUL”. Paulos, in Greek, means small.

From these meetings with Sergius Paulus will result an important event in the life of Paul. The apostle who until now was called Saul, will add to his name that of Paul. He will be known by this new name “for all eternity.” For a time the Tarsiote used both names: Saul dit Paul. But quickly, “Saul” will disappear, giving way to “Paul”. Paulos, in Greek, means small. Besides the reality of his small size, Paul no doubt wanted to underline in his own eyes his condition as a servant compared to the infinite power of God.

From this moment, the Evangelist Luke only names the Apostle with his name Paul. In this Greek and Roman name (Paulos - Paulus) we find a new opening for “the apostle of the Nations”.

It is interesting to note that Saul's name never appears in Paul's letters. He does not mention it even when he evokes his life preceding his conversion and this encounter in Paphos. He refers to himself as "Paul". It is only in the Acts of the Apostles that we encounter the two names of Saul and Paul. Before his conversion, Luke names him “Saul”. The only passage where the two names are used side by side is in Acts 13:9 which simply says, "Saul, also called Paul." This is the last time that Luke uses this name "Saul".

In Cyprus, we see Paul pass imperceptibly from the supporting role to that of head of mission.

Another significant change: in Cyprus, we see Paul pass imperceptibly from the supporting role to that of head of mission. So far the texts have spoken of “Barnabas and Paul”. It will no longer be a question, from now on, of “Paul and Barnabas”.

After spending a few months in Cyprus, Paul decided to go to the continent and Barnabas let himself be carried away by his friend's ardor.

Marc, however, expressed his disagreement and protested strongly. What were they doing up there in those wild mountains? There will be no Jewish communities, no synagogues, only impassable paths, bordering abysses, bridges and walkways torn down and merciless brigands. This is not how he had imagined the journey. The courage of the young man from Jerusalem, who knew nothing of wild nature, was flagging. He didn't want to continue. Paul's audacious ardor was beyond him. He did not feel able to face the difficulties and dangers of these inhospitable places. He spoke about it to his cousin, Barnabas, and communicated to him his decision to take the first boat bound for Caesarea Maritime, to then enter Jerusalem. This desertion of young Marc deeply hurt Paul and it will later become one of the causes of conflict between Paul and Barnabas.

Makc, author of a gospel, cousin of Barnabas, disciple and collaborator of Peter, once again a companion of Paul.
Mark had grown up in Jerusalem among the first apostles, he had been brought up in the Judaic tradition which still strongly linked the young Church to the Synagogue. Paul, that fiery apostle, was determined to tear the Church from the Synagogue. Back in Jerusalem, Mark will become Peter's pupil and collaborator and his interpreter for the Greek language. He will take the road with him. The chief apostle speaks of “my son Mark” in one of his letters (1 Peter 5:13). Mark will accompany Peter on his missionary journeys and learn all about Jesus of Nazareth. This will fully qualify him to write the first of the four gospels, which is also sometimes called the "Gospel of Peter".
Mark will later be able to overcome this youthful defection from Paphos, and he will again become a valued collaborator of the apostle Paul. Prisoner in Rome, Paul writes: "Aristarchus, my companion in captivity, greets you, as well as Mark, the cousin of Barnabas, about whom you have received instructions: if he comes to you, make him welcome." (Colossians 4, 10)
After this departure from the port of Paphos, Paul never set foot on the island of Cyprus again. He considered this island as the stronghold and the foundation of Barnabas, and he did not want to build "on the ground of others".

 

[JLG]

- According to the Acts of the Apostles, Paul's life is marked by three great missionary journeys. The first begins in the year 46, when Paul is 41 years old (Acts 13.1-3). He begins the second in 50 and the third ends in the year 58, with his arrest in the Temple of Jerusalem (Acts 21, 27-34). In all, twelve or thirteen years of adventures on the roads and on the seas! These trips have nothing to do with the comfort of travel today. Only the main roads of the Empire had inns every thirty kilometers, where travelers could find refuge at the end of the day. On the secondary roads, it was necessary to spend the night in makeshift shelters.
- Paul and Barnabas, who probably traveled on foot, joined one of the many caravans that moved from one city to another. They traveled between thirty and thirty-five kilometers per day, a speed slightly lower than the average speed of a person on foot today. Road conditions were much worse than they are today.
- During his twelve or thirteen years of mission, Paul visited several large cities of the Empire: Antioch, Thessalonica, Athens, Corinth, Ephesus, Rome. These cities welcomed a mixture of nationalities and people from all over the world rubbed shoulders there, just like in our cities today!
- Arriving in towns and villages, Paul and Barnabas always proceeded in the same way. They went to the synagogue on the Sabbath day. This meeting was intended to convince their co-religionists that Christ was the Messiah. Generally, they rallied some, the others were hostile. This they knew in advance, but they considered that their preaching should first be addressed to the Israelites.


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18- On the roads of the empire​

From Paphos on the island of Cyprus, Paul and Barnabas decide to go to Asia Minor. In this very busy port, boats sail in all directions. Just choose. We must act quickly because the dangerous period of autumn, which prohibits sea travel, is fast approaching. Among the destinations that Paul might be interested in are Ephesus, a coastal city and a major transit center. But he prefers Attaleia. The person who influenced this decision is undoubtedly Sergius Paulus who probably has relations and contacts likely to be useful to the two missionaries.

Paul never had a definite travel plan. He responded to opportunities that presented themselves. Sergius Paulus offered him to go to Attaleia and from there to Antioch of Pisidia and this destination seemed to him interesting. As we mentioned earlier, Mark took the ship to Caesarea and from there he will reach Jerusalem.

According to the Acts of the Apostles, Paul's life is marked by three great missionary journeys. The first begins in the year 46, when Paul is 41 years old (Acts 13.1-3). He begins the second in 50 and the third ends in the year 58, with his arrest in the Temple of Jerusalem (Acts 21, 27-34). In all, twelve or thirteen years of adventures on the roads and on the seas! These trips have nothing to do with the comfort of travel today. Only the main roads of the Empire had inns every thirty kilometers, where travelers could find refuge at the end of the day. On the secondary roads, it was necessary to spend the night in makeshift shelters.

Roman roads in the Empire

Via Appia near Rome

Under construction - sketch of a section

Old Roman road, near Pelussin

The Romans had built, in their provinces around the Mediterranean, a quite remarkable road network whose first destination was military: indeed, the legions had to be able to move quickly to be where their intervention was necessary. For this reason, the Roman roads were drawn in a straight line and always connected two strategic points.

The oldest of these roads, the Via Appia, linked Rome to Capua. It had been built in 312 BC. J.-C. At the beginning of the Christian era, all the countries around the Mediterranean were furrowed with traffic routes. The road network will have more than 350 lanes, covering nearly 80,000 km.

Roman engineers had developed very efficient construction techniques that were used on all roads in the empire. Wide from 5 to 7.50 meters, they were built of five superimposed layers of materials, with a surface covering of stone slabs. Milestones or terminals indicated the distances between two cities. The military, aided by local workers, were in charge of building these roads and the many bridges, retaining walls and tunnels that made it possible to cross natural obstacles. The army was also responsible for maintaining the road network.

The Roman roads were at the service of all the inhabitants of the empire. Leaders, dignitaries and the wealthiest citizens traveled in comfortable cars, escorted by horsemen. Simple individuals, according to their means, traveled in groups in heavy covered wagons, on horseback or mule, or on foot.

Paul and Barnabas, who probably traveled on foot, joined one of the many caravans that moved from one city to another. They traveled between thirty and thirty-five kilometers per day, a speed slightly lower than the average speed of a person on foot today. Road conditions were much worse than they are today.

During his twelve or thirteen years of mission, Paul visited several large cities of the Empire: Antioch, Thessalonica, Athens, Corinth, Ephesus, Rome. These cities welcomed a mixture of nationalities and people from all over the world rubbed shoulders there, just like in our cities today!

The Gospel came from the rural world, from the interior of Palestine, and Paul had to be able to incarnate it in this new reality of the urban world. Difficult task! He had in mind the prophecy of Pentecost which wanted the Good News to reach all nations. Luke enumerates the peoples present in Jerusalem at the feast: “How is it then that each of us hears them in his own language? Parthians, Medes and Elamites, inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and that part of Libya which is close to Cyrene, Romans in residence, both Jews than proselytes, Cretans and Arabs, we hear them publishing in our language the marvels of God!” (Acts 2, 8-11) Throughout his travels Paul shows how the Gospel reached all these peoples and many others. Thus the prophecy of Pentecost is fulfilled.

Arriving in towns and villages, Paul and Barnabas always proceeded in the same way. They went to the synagogue on the Sabbath day. This meeting was intended to convince their co-religionists that Christ was the Messiah. Generally, they rallied some, the others were hostile. This they knew in advance, but they considered that their preaching should first be addressed to the Israelites.

Of all those churches founded during Paul's sweaty and laborious first journey - Salamis, Paphos, Perge, Antioch of Pisidia, Iconium, Lystra and Derbe - virtually nothing remains today. The call to prayer launched by the muezzin from the top of the minaret tells another story.

 

[JLG]

Towards the end of his stay in Antioch of Pisidia, Paul must already have considered a break with the synagogue: “The following Sabbath, almost the whole city assembled to hear the word of God. At the sight of this crowd, the Jews were filled with jealousy, and they replied with blasphemies to Paul's words. Emboldened then, Paul and Barnabas declared: “It was to you first that it was necessary to announce the word of God. Since you reject it and do not deem yourselves worthy of eternal life, well! we turn to the pagans. For thus has the Lord commanded us: I have made you a light of the nations, to make you salvation to the ends of the earth.” (Acts 13, 44-47)
We note the power of Paul's message!
Which causes the jealousy of the Jews!
As in the case of Jesus!
This did not prevent them from pursuing their activity with force!
Incredible examples to follow that push us to action!
The opposite of inactivity!

Because of these confrontations with some Jews in the synagogue, the two missionaries were no longer allowed to speak. That is why they taught in private homes, on terraces and in the open air. However, the final rupture only occurred during Paul's stay in Corinth, when he left the synagogue and settled nearby in the house of Justus, who was a proselyte (Acts 18:6).
Which shows that all means are good to transmit the message of Jesus!
Despite Jewish opposition, the Word of the Lord, through Paul and Barnabas, took root throughout the region. The good seed had been sown.
The work of Yah.weh cannot be stopped!
It must continually spread!
It is life itself that is stronger than anything!


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19. Perge and Antioch of Pisidia

Perge, in Pamphylia, near Attaleia

Paul and Barnabas leave the port of Neo-Paphos, to go to Attaleia, in Asia Minor. It took thirty-six hours of sailing to get there. Attaleia Bay was protected against corsairs by a crown of forts and bastions.
From Attaleia, they reach the city of Perge in less than half a day's walk. “They announced the word to Perge,” says Luke. (Acts 13,13) They stayed in this city for some time and then they crossed the Taurus mountains and a semi-desert area to reach Antioch in Pisidia. “From Paphos, where they embarked, Paul and his companions reached Perge, in Pamphylia. But John Mark left them to return to Jerusalem. As for them, pushing beyond Perge, they arrived at Antioch of Pisidia. On the Sabbath day they entered the synagogue and sat down. After the reading of the Law and the Prophets, the heads of the synagogue sent word to them: "Brothers, if you have any word of encouragement to speak to the people, speak." (Acts 13, 13-15)

Antioch of Pisidia, in a mountainous region

While Tarsus and Antioch of Syria are barely 80 meters above sea level, Antioch of Pisidia is at 1,200 meters, Iconium at 1,027 meters and Lystra at 1,230 meters. These territories had been dangerous regions, filled with gangs of thieves and killers. To put an end to this robbery, the Emperors Caesar-Augustus and Claudius had recourse to a very effective means: they founded colonies of veterans. Antioch had thus become a Roman colony under Italian law. The settlers came mostly from the Celtic legion, recruited in Gaul.

Augustus's decision to establish a veterans' colony there had given new life to the town. The veterans demobilized after the battle of Actium (31 BC) against Mark-Antony, Cleopatra and Brutus, obtained land there which they cultivated, but on one condition: to bring order among the population, for which they were perfectly prepared. Antioch was a replica of Rome: administration, religious traditions, division into districts, theatre, baths, aqueducts, etc. It was nicknamed "little Rome". In his will, Emperor Augustus mentioned the colonies of Pisidia as one of the important achievements that marked his reign.

Certainly, Paul knew great cities: Damascus, Antioch of Syria, Tarsus, Jerusalem, Ephesus. He would never have thought that a Roman metropolis could be found in the middle of a region that Luke would describe as barbaric and savage? Antioch of Pisidia had all the infrastructure of a large city and was protected by Roman walls. It was also a "holy city", dedicated to the worship of the male god of the moon, named Men or Lunus. During the illuminated nights, wild orgiastic liturgies took place, during which the inhabitants of the city offered their sacrifices to the moon and indulged, in the company of numerous hierodules (prostitutes) of the temple, in unbridled debauchery and Dionysian celebrations. Paul alludes to it in his letter to the Galatians, when he writes: "Once it is true, when you did not know God, you were slaves of the gods who possessed no divinity" (Galatians 4:8).

In this region of pastures and livestock, in the center of southern Asia Minor, Paul and Barnabas will lay the foundations of many churches. Throughout this period, the two missionaries were in constant danger from the Jewish communities in these remote towns.

The Jews, attracted by the leather trade, enjoyed here as everywhere else many privileges since the time of Caesar, their great benefactor and their debtor.

Confrontations with some Jews in the synagogue.

Paul must have already considered a break with the synagogue.

Towards the end of his stay in Antioch of Pisidia, Paul must already have considered breaking with the synagogue: “The following Sabbath, almost the whole city assembled to hear the word of God. At the sight of this crowd, the Jews were filled with jealousy, and they replied with blasphemies to Paul's words. Emboldened then, Paul and Barnabas declared: “It was to you first that it was necessary to announce the word of God. Since you reject it and do not deem yourselves worthy of eternal life, well! we turn to the pagans. For thus has the Lord commanded us: I have made you a light of the nations, to make you salvation to the ends of the earth.” (Acts 13, 44-47)

Because of these confrontations with some Jews in the synagogue, the two missionaries were no longer allowed to speak. That is why they taught in private homes, on terraces and in the open air. However, the final rupture only occurred during Paul's stay in Corinth, when he left the synagogue and settled nearby in the house of Justus, who was a proselyte (Acts 18:6).

In Antioch, to fight Paul and the Christians, the Jews began to use a tactic which would often return in the future and which would be favorable to them. Thanks to their business sense and their money, they maintained very good relations with influential circles. Many Jewish women married Greek or Roman officials and had their friends among the wives of the rulers of the city. This is how the Synagogue easily won over the municipal police to its cause, thanks to the pious ladies. It was explained to the guardians of public order that the two apostles were introducing a new cult, which was forbidden by law, and that they were proclaiming a certain Christ as king, which made him an adversary of Caesar. This Jesus had been condemned to death in the time of Pontius Pilate, for having fomented an insurrection against the Roman authority. In the eyes of the rulers, the Christians were therefore guilty of high treason.

By bribing a few dubious individuals, a popular riot was provoked. City officials realized that they could no longer guarantee public order if foreigners did not leave the city immediately.

Where the Jews failed to gain civil authority, they applied the punishment of the whip themselves, in the basements of their synagogues. This barbaric pain would henceforth return with obsessive regularity throughout the life of St. Paul.

After several months, Paul and Barnabas were expelled from Antioch in Pisidia: “The Jews shook their heads at the ladies of rank who worshiped God as well as at the notables of the city; they thus aroused a persecution against Paul and Barnabas and drove them out of their territory. These, shaking off the dust of their feet against them, came to Iconium. As for the disciples, they were filled with joy and with the Holy Spirit.” (Acts 13, 50-52)

This witch hunt and unjust treatment was only possible in small provincial towns without a proconsul, such as Antioch of Pisidia, Iconium and Philippi. In the great cities of the empire, Paul's Roman citizenship protected him from these abuses.

Despite Jewish opposition, the Word of the Lord, through Paul and Barnabas, took root throughout the region. The good seed had been sown.

 

[JLG]

- Paul likes to meet the Jews of the Diaspora and to pray with them in the synagogue. There is a familiar atmosphere.

- In the first place, he followed the path of the Jewish emigrants, those who were called the Jews of the Diaspora. Colonies were established in different cities of the Roman Empire and had developed a whole network of synagogues. This allowed Paul to quickly find a familiar atmosphere.

- Then he chose the places where he could practice his trade. This allowed him to live among hard-working artisans, to get to know them better and to remain financially independent. Barnabas acted in the same way.

- Arriving in a city, Paul and Barnabas went to the Jewish quarter and looked for work there. According to Eastern custom, they were received in the community, and Paul immediately began to practice his trade of weaving. On Sabbath days, the two missionaries went to the synagogue.

- Imperial law forbade openly preaching a new religion (religio illicita). Only the Synagogue had express permission to proselyte. This favored Christians because for decades non-Jews did not distinguish between Christianity and Judaism. It seemed to them to be the same religion.

- Speaking before the congregation, Paul begins by giving a traditional interpretation of the scripture; then he announces the message of Jesus

- Paul had a dual scheme of missionary preaching: the first for the use of Jews, the other for the use of non-Jews. In the Acts of the Apostles (13, 15) Luke has preserved for us the broad outlines of a missionary reflection addressed to a synagogue audience.

- Paul's speeches used to deeply move his listeners, Jews and Gentiles. In Antioch of Pisidia, it is talked about throughout the week, and the following Saturday, the synagogue is full to capacity. In the midst of the pagans eager to listen to foreign preachers, the Jews find themselves in a minority and they are furious: "At the sight of this crowd, the Jews were seized with fury, and it was insults that they opposed to the words from Paul. Paul and Barnabas then had the boldness to declare: It is to you first that the word of God should be addressed! Since you reject it and deem yourselves unworthy of eternal life, then we turn to the pagans. For such is indeed the order we have from the Lord: "I have made you a light of the nations, that you may bring salvation to the ends of the earth". (Acts, 13, 44-46)

- On the other hand, Yah.weh is a God of order and his servants must reflect this order!

- Paul is a good example!

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[JLG]

20. Paul's working method
We can wonder if Paul had a method of work that he used systematically in his missionary journeys. Although he didn't always have a set plan, he knew what he wanted and where he was going. We find two constants in his movements.

Paul enjoys meeting Diaspora Jews and praying with them in the synagogue. There is a familiar atmosphere.

First, he followed the path of the Jewish emigrants, the so-called Diaspora Jews. Colonies were established in different cities of the Roman Empire and had developed a whole network of synagogues. This allowed Paul to quickly find a familiar atmosphere.

Then he chose the places where he could practice his trade. This allowed him to live among hard-working artisans, to get to know them better and to remain financially independent. Barnabas acted in the same way.

Arriving in a city, Paul and Barnabas went to the Jewish quarter and looked for work there. According to Eastern custom, they were received in the community, and Paul immediately began to practice his trade of weaving. On Sabbath days, the two missionaries went to the synagogue.

Imperial law forbade openly preaching a new religion (religio illicita). Only the Synagogue had express permission to proselyte. This favored Christians because for decades non-Jews did not distinguish between Christianity and Judaism. It seemed to them to be the same religion.

In the Jewish quarter of Antioch, on the Sabbath, all the bazaars were closed. Many Jews and many "God-fearing" (non-Jewish sympathizers) went to the synagogue. Above the front door were two olive branches framing the inscription: "Temple of the Hebrews." In the basement there were bathrooms. Anyone who had touched forbidden meat or a corpse had to perform the ritual purification ablutions first. Upstairs was the prayer hall, where the seven-branched candelabra stood. In the middle of the room was the reading desk, and behind a curtain were the scrolls of the Bible. During the prayers and reflections, the women were seated at the side, behind a wooden grill.

Addressing the congregation, Paul begins by giving a traditional interpretation of the scripture; then he announces the message of Jesus

News of the arrival of two scribes spread quickly. Paul and Barnabas wore the white and brown mantle (the tallit) which distinguished them from the proselytes. Paul presented himself as a doctor of the law and Barnabas as a Levite. After the reading of the scriptures, Paul was invited to address the congregation.

Ben-Chorin, a Jewish writer, believes it was traditional to invite Paul, a disciple of Gamaliel, to deliver the day's reflection. He then begins by presenting a traditional interpretation of the Scripture; then he announces the message of Jesus, which is regularly resented as a scandal by his Jewish listeners.

Paul had a dual pattern of missionary preaching: one for use by Jews, the other for Gentiles. In the Acts of the Apostles (13, 15) Luke has preserved for us the broad outlines of a missionary reflection addressed to a synagogue audience.

Every Sabbath, the Jews read Psalm 22. They knew it by heart and considered it a messianic psalm. The inspired ancestor painted, a thousand years before Paul, a grandiose picture of the sufferings of the Messiah. This is the psalm that Jesus recited on the Cross: "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" (Ps 22, 2)

Referring to this psalm, Paul told the Jews that it is not their dream of world domination that the Messiah will realize, but this other dream of the prophets: the conversion and reunion of all peoples and the constitution of the universal kingdom of God , through the sufferings of the Messiah. Psalm 22 ends with this vision of the future: “All the ends of the earth will remember and turn to Yahweh. All the families of the heathen nations will bow down before his face. For the dominion belongs to the Lord, and he rules over the nations.”

The clash is due to the fact that Paul seems to belittle the Law of Moses and that, on the other hand,

he advocates absolute equality between pagans and Jews, which amounts to suppressing the Election of Israel.

In his presentation, Paul appeals to the intimate experience of each: “You know well that the Law of Moses did not make you righteous (did not justify you). It is in Jesus that you will find the remission of sins, peace and reconciliation with God.”

Paul was treading on minefield by asserting that the Law of Moses had limits and that these limits could be crossed? Only one had done it before him: Etienne, and they had put him to death. Not only does Paul follow in his footsteps, but he goes even further.

Paul's letters are full of quotations which he draws from the Greek version of the Septuagint. He was the first to call the Scriptures "the Old Testament" (2 Cor 3:14). He understood that Christ had come to fulfill the promise. For him, Christianity is in the continuity of this extraordinary history of salvation which began with Abraham and which was realized in Jesus Christ.

Paul's speeches used to deeply stir his listeners, Jews and Gentiles. In Antioch of Pisidia, it is talked about throughout the week, and the following Saturday, the synagogue is full to capacity. In the midst of the pagans eager to listen to foreign preachers, the Jews find themselves in a minority and they are furious: "At the sight of this crowd, the Jews were seized with fury, and it was insults that they opposed to the words from Paul. Paul and Barnabas then had the boldness to declare: It is to you first that the word of God should be addressed! Since you reject it and deem yourselves unworthy of eternal life, then we turn to the pagans. For such is indeed the order we have from the Lord: "I have made you a light of the nations, that you may bring salvation to the ends of the earth". (Acts, 13, 44-46)

According to Ben-Chorin, “if Paul had contented himself with announcing the Messiah in the person of Jesus of Nazareth, he would not have provoked such a conflict with the synagogue. The confrontation is due to the fact that on the one hand, he seems to depreciate the Law of Moses and that, on the other hand, he advocates absolute equality between pagans and Jews, which amounts to suppressing the Election of Israel.” Paul explains that Israel's privileged position played its part, but with the coming of Christ it ended. It is not belonging to the chosen people that decides salvation, but faith in Jesus Christ. The Messiah came to break down the wall that separated Jews and Gentiles: "In Christ there is no difference between Jews and Gentiles, between free men and slaves, between men and women."

Paul and Barnabas continue to score points and the anger of the Jews reaches its climax. The women show themselves to be the most exalted. They assail the notables of the city with their complaints. The result is not long in coming: it is the troublemakers that the leaders are attacking. They are driven out of town. “These, having shaken off the dust of their feet against them, came to Iconium; as for the disciples, they remained filled with joy and with the Holy Spirit.” (Acts 13, 51-52)

Among Christians, Paul is the one who best understood the universalist spirit of Christ. For having preached salvation for all, he will be persecuted as an apostate and the hatred of his people will pursue him relentlessly, wherever he goes.

 

[JLG]

- During the year that they spent in Iconium, Paul and Barnabas undertook missionary expeditions in the surroundings, in these numerous peasant villages, located on the slopes of the mountains. They founded small rural communities there, which would later be administered by the Church of Iconium. With Antioch, Iconium will remain, for many years, a point of support for the Christian Churches of Asia Minor, and will hold the patriarchal title over fourteen cities.

- Paul and Barnabas proclaimed the “Good News” but very quickly they came up against the refusal of the Jews who were manipulating the crowds against them. At some point it was decided to seize the two missionaries and stone them. Warned, they slipped away in time and joined the Roman road which, at the time, ended at Lystres. A day of walking in one of the most beautiful regions of central Anatolia.

- “At Iconium they entered the synagogue of the Jews and spoke in such a way that a great crowd of Jews and Greeks embraced the faith. But the Jews who remained incredulous stirred up the Gentiles and indisposed them against the brethren. Paul and Barnabas prolonged their stay for quite a long time, full of assurance in the Lord... The population of the city was divided. Some were for the Jews, others for the apostles. Among the pagans and the Jews, their chiefs at the head, one prepared to mistreat them and to stone them. But realizing this, they went to seek refuge in the cities of Lycaonia, Lystra, Derbe and the surrounding region. There too, they announced the Good News.” (Acts 14, 1-7)

- Paul took a liking to the young man, while unaware that one day he would lay hands on him. Timothy will become his most faithful collaborator, the one who will one day be the consolation of his old age. Several years later, Paul will remind him of the painful hours of Lystra: "Remember, O Timothy, what I endured at Lystra!" (2 Tim. 3, 11). This family became the gathering place of the Christian Church. Following this family, several people of the village converted.

- The man understood the invitation by the tone of voice and the gesture that accompanies it. He obeys. He leaps. He walks ! The townspeople think that Paul and Barnabas are gods who came down to their village! They want to honor them.

Meanwhile, the rumor of the success of the two missionaries reached Iconium and the Jewish community, which believed to have gotten rid of them. They rush to Lystra to enlighten the naive and put an end to the work of the impostors.

- the miracle, Paul is venerated as a god, then everything turns for the worse: he is stoned until he is considered dead

- Like Stephen many years ago, Paul is dragged out of town and thrown to the ground. Furious, the townspeople gather stones and the stoning begins. When the people of Lystra and the Jews who aroused their anger see Paul unconscious, they believe him dead and leave him face down. Barnabas and the Christians come running. We lean towards Paul. The heart is still beating. The head is intact. Apparently, he did not receive any major injuries. Escaping stoning is a miracle.

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